March 23 in History

Richard is imprisoned at Trifels Castle on the border of Germany & Lorraine

The Duke of Austria hands Richard over to Emperor Henry VI for a sum of money

John XXII excommunicates Louis IV of Bavaria

John XXII excommunicates Louis IV of Bavaria

Pope Clement VII declares Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne Boleyn null & void

Pope Clement VII declares Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne Boleyn null & void

The Pope declares that Henry's marriage to Catherine is valid

Kildare is defeated at Maynooth Castle, County Kildare

Kildare is defeated at Maynooth Castle, County Kildare

Galileo sends another letter to Piero Dini continuing his defence of Copernican astronomy.

Captures Pinerlo in Piedmont

Strafford secured four subsidies from the Irish Parliament for the King's military programme.

Makes an unsuccessful attempt to land in Scotland, the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng intercepted his French ships, and in spite of James tearful pleas, the French admiral refused to let him go ashore, choosing to retreat rather than risk a naval battle

Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta

Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta

Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta

First performance of "The Surprise Symphony" at Vienna

Strangled in his bed during a Kremlin coups by drunken Russian Officers. Russian officers declare Alexander Emperor

The Government enacts grain tariffs intended to protect domestic agricultural prices.

Greek forces capture Kalamata and issue a call for European support

Mavromichalis leads a regional revolutionary authority formed after the liberation of Kalamata.

The Etienne de Gerlache Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.

Begins the First Joseph Lebeau Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Steers 1st Reform Bill through the House of Commons but is defeated in committee

Reform Bill, 3rd, 1 of the 4 framers of the Bill which passes through the Commons

Rani Lakshmibai directs the defence of Jhansi as British forces begin their major siege of the city.

Accepts a peace settlement restoring Transvaal self-government.

Boer leaders sign the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.

British policy shifts from renewed war toward negotiated autonomy.

President Harrison opens Oklahoma for white colonization

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 5th term

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 6th term

The rebel leader is captured after leading a revolt against US hegemony

Brings back geological observations from the Ross Sea region.

Completes a second major Antarctic expedition as an experienced seaman.

Arrives in New Zealand having led an expedition to within 111 miles of the South Pole

Returns after serving on sledging and depot-laying parties.

Returns from Antarctica after geological work with the Nimrod expedition.

Answers Commons questions on the number of completed British dreadnoughts.

Answers Commons questions about the disposition of Royal Navy forces.

Answers Commons questions concerning German naval estimates and comparative naval strength.

Answers Commons questions concerning HMS Iron Duke during discussion of the naval programme.

Holds a secret peace meeting

General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme

General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme

Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners

Exiled to Switzerland

Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro

In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism. Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners

Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro

In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism

The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship. Legislative power is transferred to the executive. All political parties other than the NSDAP are banned. A dictatorship in all but name is established

441 in the Reichstag vote for the Enabling Bill, only 94 against

The title of Fuhrer and Chancellor is soon understood to mean Head of State & Head of Government & given by propaganda the title of Fuhrer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes (Leader of the German Reich and People), the name the soldiers had to swear

The title of Reichspresident however was not taken by Hitler; instead, he wanted to let his title remain Fuhrer und Reichskanzler, for respect of Hindenburgs achievements as a WWI hero who became Germany's President.

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Opposes the Enabling Act with the Social Democrats, rejecting the transfer of legislative power to Hitler's cabinet.

Votes with the Centre Party for the Enabling Act, a decision later criticised as helping destroy parliamentary government.

Represents the armed Nazi presence around Hitler as the Enabling Act is passed under conditions of coercion.

Supports the Enabling Act as Interior Minister, giving the cabinet authority to override ordinary constitutional safeguards.

Promotes the Enabling Act as a national rescue measure while Nazi propaganda attacks Marxists and parliamentary opposition.

Uses control of Prussian police and auxiliary forces to reinforce Nazi dominance before the Enabling Act vote.

Presides over the Reichstag session in the Kroll Opera House while SA and SS pressure surrounds the vote on the Enabling Act.

Serves as Justice Minister as the Enabling Act enables laws that bypass normal constitutional and parliamentary limits.

Votes for the Enabling Act with his party delegation, a decision he later regarded as a grave political mistake.

Benefits from the emergency atmosphere surrounding the Enabling Act as SS and police power expand under Nazi rule.

Presents the Enabling Act to the Reichstag as a law to remove distress from people and Reich, demanding cabinet power to legislate without Parliament.

Promises that the Government will respect the churches and states, using reassurance to win conservative and Centre Party support for the Enabling Act.

Votes against the Enabling Act as part of the Social Democratic opposition to Hitler's dictatorship.

Backs the Enabling Act as Hitler's nationalist coalition partner, expecting conservative influence to remain inside the Government.

Leads Centre Party support for the Enabling Act after Hitler offers assurances on church rights and federal institutions.

Votes for the Enabling Act with the German State Party after pressure and misjudgement about Nazi intentions.

Remains in Hitler's cabinet as the Enabling Act transforms the Government into a dictatorship with legal form.

Supports the Enabling Act from inside the conservative coalition, helping give Hitler dictatorial powers through legal procedure.

Represents the excluded communist opposition, whose deputies are absent after arrests, flight and repression following the Reichstag fire.

Commands SA power that intimidates political opponents during the period in which the Enabling Act is forced through.

Supports the Enabling Act with Catholic conservative deputies, helping provide the two-thirds majority Hitler needs.

Votes with the Social Democratic deputies against the Enabling Act despite Nazi intimidation around the Reichstag session.

Continues as Finance Minister while the Enabling Act transfers legislative authority from Parliament to Hitler's cabinet.

Supports Hitler's cabinet as Labour Minister when the Enabling Act destroys parliamentary checks on legislation.

Supports the Centre Party line in favour of the Enabling Act after negotiations with Hitler's Government.

Is unable to oppose the Enabling Act in the Reichstag because the KPD has been suppressed and he is under arrest.

Cannot vote against the Enabling Act because he is imprisoned after being accused in connection with the Reichstag fire.

Speaks against the Enabling Act, declaring that freedom and life can be taken, but honour cannot be taken.

Nazi Germany cultivated the Fuhrerprinzip (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just der Fuhrer ("the Leader")

The Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship

Thw Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. Hitler tells Wels that his death-knell had sounded

The Reichstag convenes in the Kroll Opera House

Meets Eden to discuss the London Communique issued by Britain & France

Hitler rejects a proposed Eastern Pact and favors separate agreements rather than an eastern extension of the Locarno system.

Raises the consequences of flooding in the Fen district and the public response required.

Speaks on unemployment and wider economic conditions.

The Slovak-Hungarian War begins

Article 4 of the state Treaty renounces the use of force between Germany and Lithuania, and pledges that neither would support a third country against the other signatory

Germany in in the Treaty provides generous support for the economic needs of Lithuania and gave Lithuania the right to establish a Lithuanian Free Zone in the Memel harbor.

Lithuanian Foreign Minister Urbsys signs the convention returning Memel to Germany at 1 am retroactive to March 22,1939.

The Kriegsmarine is deprived of a chance to launch a planned amphibious assault but was accorded the honor of delivering the Fueher to the city for a celebration of his last bloodless conquest.

The Treaty of 23 March affirms the return of the Memel District, which had been separated by the Treaty of Versailles, to Germany.

The Slovak-Hungarian War begins along Slovakia's eastern frontier.

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution

Britsh, American & Canadian troops capture Cologne

The Allies capture Cologne & cross the Rhine

Launches the 21st Army Group assault across the Rhine at Rees and Wesel.

Argues for a trade embargo with Eastern Europe

Lee registered at Public School 44 on March 23, 1953, after court proceedings increased pressure for him to resume attendance.

Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.

The 1956 Constitution creates the republic and makes Iskander Mirza its first President.

Lays the foundation stone for Coventry Cathedral

Pakistan's first Constitution enters into force and establishes a parliamentary republic.

Iskander Mirza assumes office as Pakistan's first President.

Marine educational testing gave Lee an overall satisfactory rating, with his strongest scores in English composition and physical sciences.

Is charged with incitement alongside Robert Sobukwe.

Is charged with incitement following the anti-pass campaign.

Faces prosecution for organising the PAC anti-pass campaign.

Faces prosecution with other PAC leaders after Sharpeville.

"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"

"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"

"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"

John Lennons first book, In His Own Write, is published and becomes an instant best-seller

Paine gave additional deposition testimony connected with the Warren Commission investigation on March 23, 1964.

Becomes chairman of the National Reformation Council after Lansana is removed

Announces a resistance front against the Lon Nol government

Appointed Prime Ministrer of Northern Ireland

Appointed Prime Ministrer of Northern Ireland

Eight days of recording and filming starts in a Roman amphitheatre for "Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii"

Eight days of recording and filming starts in a Roman amphitheatre for "Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii"

Writes Judge John Sirica alleging pressure on defendants to plead guilty and remain silent, perjury during the trial, and involvement by additional government officials.

"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released

"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released

"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released

Hunt entered District of Columbia jail custody after sentencing proceedings arising from his Watergate convictions.

UNIFIL forces arrive in Lebanon setting up headquarters in Naqoura. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon

The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon

The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon

Represents newly admitted Greece at its first year of European Council participation.

Outlines his Strategic Defence Initiative to defend the US & allies

Outlines his Strategic Defence Initiative to defend the US & allies

President Reagans introduction of the Strategic Defence Initiative program in 1983 was viewed as a threat by the Soviet Union, and the Soviets withdrew from setting a timetable for further negotiations

Muhammad Khan Junejo becomes Prime Minister after non-party elections.

Visits Georgia

Appears on Russian TV. 23 March-2 April, visits Russia & is allowed to see the streets & shops

RUF fighters enter eastern Sierra Leone from Liberia and begin the civil war

Foday Sankoh leads the Revolutionary United Front into Kailahun District

Charles Taylor supports RUF operations launched from Liberian territory

To mark the Twentieth anniversary of the release of "Dark Side Of The Moon", the album is re-mastered, re-packaged and re-released

To mark the Twentieth anniversary of the release of "Dark Side Of The Moon", the album is re-mastered, re-packaged and re-released

Wins 1st direct Presidential election with a victory of 54% of the popular vote

"Real Love," a 1979 John Lennon demo finished in 1995 by the other Beatles, becomes the second new Beatles single to chart in less than three months. It is released as part of The Beatles Anthology recordings and TV special

Dismisses Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his cabinet and nominates Sergei Kiriyenko.

Nominates Sergei Kiriyenko as prime minister after dismissing Viktor Chernomyrdin's cabinet.

Yeltsin sacks his entire cabinet, including Chernomyrdin, he names liberal former Energy Minister Sergei Kiriyenko acting Prime Minister

Is assassinated in an event that triggers a national political crisis.

Russias food supply is threatened with a virulent strain of potato blight and livestock feed shortages were forecast

Represents Ireland as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, innovation and economic reform.

Represents Italy as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, economic reform and innovation.

Represents Germany as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, economic reform and knowledge-based growth.

Represents Greece as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, innovation and economic reform.

Represents Greece as leaders review economic reform, employment and enlargement.

The main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah

Rantissi is named leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, following the killing of Ahmed Yassin by Israeli forces

Directs The Lives of Others.

Concludes an agreement providing for CNDP political participation and integration of its fighters into national institutions.

Attends signing of the Affordable Care Act.

A decree formally dissolved both chambers of the former national parliament.

Lupu leaves the acting presidency after Nicolae Timofti is sworn in

Nicolae Timofti becomes President after parliamentary election

Saudi Arabia imposes a nationwide curfew as COVID-19 spreads.

Announces the first nationwide COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.

Mitsotakis's government imposes nationwide restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Announces a nationwide lockdown in response to COVID-19.

Announces restrictions in Scotland during the first UK lockdown.

Addresses French lawmakers and appeals for sanctions, weapons and international solidarity.

Starmer proposes neighbourhood policing and measures addressing violence against women.

Birth of Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Isabel of Lorraine and Ren‚ I

Birth of Alfred Milner

Emmy Noether is born in Erlangen, Bavaria.

The future pioneering algebraist is born into a mathematical family.

Birth of Akira Kurosawa

Birth of Werner von Braun

Birth of Alan Bleasdale

Death of Paul I

Death of Peter Lorre

Death of Giulietta Masina

Death of Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor

Death of Lee Kuan Yew

Defeated by Waller when defending South Wales for Charles I

Routs the Royalist force of Lord Herbert

Radetzky completely defeats Charles Albert & Albert Chrzanowski

Radetzky completely defeats Charles Albert & Albert Chrzanowski

The British cross the Rhine at Wesel

Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim

Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim

Attacks French defenses around Mao Khe

Heavy fighting takes place in the southern Iraqi city of Nasiriyah between Iraqi forces and US Marines over control of key bridges over the Euphrates River and the Saddam Canal

US Marines enter Nasiriyah in force, facing heavy resistance as they move to secure two major bridges in the city. The main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah.

With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured, Coalition forces gained an important logistical centre in southern Iraq and established FOB/EAF Jalibah, some 10 miles (16 km) outside of Nasiriyah.