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On this date in world history

October 28 in History

This permanent archive page contains 226 World History Database records for October 28, spanning 306 to 2019. Recorded topics include Maxentius Revolt; Battle of Milvian Bridge; Abdication.

Total: 226Events: 199Births: 3Deaths: 3Battles: 16Coronations: 5Countries: 31

Events on October 28

Maxentius Revolt

306 · Flavius Valerius Severus · Roman Empire · Rome · House · House of Diocletian

Maxentius is proclaimed emperor at Rome, creating a direct challenge to Severus's authority in Italy.

Abdication

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Tostig is deposed

Acceptance of Morcar

1065 · Harold II · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Harold accepts Morcar's recognition as Earl of Northumbria as part of the peace settlement.

Acceptance of Tostig's Exile

1065 · Edward the Confessor · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Edward accepts Tostig's exile despite his earlier desire to restore him.

Acceptance of Tostig's Exile

1065 · Harold II · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Harold accepts the settlement that sends his brother Tostig into exile.

Advice Against Civil War

1065 · Harold II · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Harold supports compromise rather than a royal military campaign that could trigger civil war.

Council of Oxford

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

At Oxford, Harold accepts the Northumbrian demands, Tostig remains outlawed, and Morcar is recognised as Earl of Northumbria.

Council of Oxford

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Morcar, Harolds brother-in-law, became the new Earl of Northumbria. Harold yields to the rebels demands & banishes Tostig from the country. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated

Deposition

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

The October settlement accepts Tostig's deposition from Northumbria and confirms Morcar as the new earl.

Deposition Confirmed

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

The settlement at Oxford confirms Tostig's removal and recognizes Morcar as the new earl.

Exile of Tostig

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Morcar, Harolds brother-in-law, became the new Earl of Northumbria. Forced into exile in Norway

Exile Settlement

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

The Oxford settlement leaves Tostig in exile and confirms Morcar as Earl of Northumbria.

Oxford Conference

1065 · Morcar · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Morcar's supporters insist at Oxford that his election must be recognized.

Oxford Mediation

1065 · Harold II · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Harold continues negotiations at Oxford after failing to reconcile Tostig with the Northumbrians.

Oxford Negotiations

1065 · Tostig · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Negotiations at Oxford end without restoring Tostig to Northumbria.

Oxford Settlement

1065 · Edward the Confessor · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Edward accepts a settlement recognizing Morcar and ending Tostig's rule in Northumbria.

Presentation of Rebel Demands

1065 · Harold II · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Harold presents the rebels' demands to the royal government during the Oxford settlement.

Reballion of Rebels in Oxford

1065 · Edward the Confessor · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Edward accepts the settlement under which Morcar replaces Tostig as Earl of Northumbria.

Reballion of Rebels in Oxford

1065 · Edward the Confessor · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Morcar is elected Earl & Tostig deposed. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated

Reballion of Rebels in Oxford

1065 · Morcar · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Morcar is elected Earl & Tostig deposed. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated

Reballion of Rebels in Oxford

1065 · Morcar · England · Oxford · Warfare · Military

Morcar's position as Earl of Northumbria is accepted during the settlement reached at Oxford.

Recognition as Earl

1065 · Morcar · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

The Oxford settlement legalizes Morcar's position as Earl of Northumbria.

Recognition of Morcar

1065 · Edward the Confessor · England · Oxford · House · House of Wessex

Edward's government recognizes Morcar as Earl of Northumbria after the Oxford negotiations.

Burial

1307 · Edward I · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

Buried in Westminster Abbey

Capture of Transylvania

1600 · Sigismund Bathory · Romania · Transylvania · Warfare · Military

Begins to persecute the Catholic population. An Imperial army under George Basta occupies Transylvania

Imperial Army

1600 · Sigismund Bathory · Romania · Transylvania · Warfare · Military

An Imperial army under George Basta occupies Transylvania

Capture of La Rochelle

1628 · Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu · France · La Rochelle · Warfare · Military

The starving Hugenot city of La Rochelle surrenders to Richelieu

Agitators

1647 · Robert Everard · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Everard, known as Buff Coat, speaks for the radical soldier representatives as the Agitators and New Agents bring their constitutional demands before the General Council of the Army

Agitators

1647 · Matthew Weale · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Weale is associated with the New Agents who help carry the soldiers' demands into the Putney Debates, where the Army Council is forced to examine the Agreement of the People

Agitators

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman assists the Agitators and New Agents by presenting radical arguments for the Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate settlement

Agreement of the People

1647 · William Allen · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Allen takes part among the soldiers' representatives supporting the Agreement of the People, seeking constitutional guarantees before the Army accepts any settlement with Parliament or the King

Agreement of the People

1647 · Robert Everard · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Everard, known as Buff Coat, represents the New Agents who bring the Agreement of the People into the Army Council as the soldiers' alternative to the Grandees' Heads of the Proposals

Agreement of the People

1647 · Maximilian Petty · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Petty supports the Agreement of the People as a written constitutional settlement, pressing the case that political authority should be founded on the birthright and consent of the people

Agreement of the People

1647 · Edward Sexby · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Sexby explains that soldiers and their civilian advisers have come to the Army Council to press the Agreement of the People because the Army's sacrifices require a secure public settlement

Agreement of the People

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the Army Council during the Putney Debates

Agreement of the People

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army during the Putney Debates

Agreement of the People

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army, arguing that England's settlement should rest on the people's consent rather than on King, Lords and Commons alone

Army Council

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman takes part before the Army Council as radical soldiers and civilian Leveller advisers press the Agreement of the People against the more moderate Heads of the Proposals

Grandees

1647 · Oliver Cromwell · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Cromwell chairs the Army Council at Putney for the Grandees, attempting to preserve Army unity while allowing Agitators and Leveller advisers to present their constitutional demands

Levellers

1647 · Robert Everard · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Everard, known as Buff Coat, presents the Agreement of the People to the General Council of the Army and helps bring Leveller constitutional demands into the Army debates

Levellers

1647 · Thomas Fairfax · England · Warfare · Civil War

Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by "The Case of the Army Truly Stated" and order the unofficial Agitators to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates

Levellers

1647 · Thomas Fairfax · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to debate their proposals before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates

Levellers

1647 · Edward Sexby · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Sexby represents the Army radical side of the Leveller cause, arguing that the soldiers' sacrifices in the war require a settlement based on liberty, indemnity and political security

Levellers

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman assists the Army radicals and New Agents at Putney, helping press the Leveller Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate constitutional settlement

Presentation of Agreement

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People to the Army Council as an alternative constitutional settlement.

Putney Debates

1647 · William Allen · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Allen takes part as one of the Agitators, helping represent soldiers who believed the Army's sacrifices entitled them to a voice in the political settlement

Putney Debates

1647 · William Clarke · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Clarke records the proceedings for the General Council, preserving the arguments of the officers, Agitators and civilian advisers who took part

Putney Debates

1647 · Oliver Cromwell · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Cromwell argues that the meeting should receive the radicals' proposals in orderly fashion so that the Army can judge their intentions and preserve unity

Putney Debates

1647 · Oliver Cromwell · England · Putney · Government · New Model Army

Cromwell attends Army Council debates over political settlement, representation and the army's demands.

Putney Debates

1647 · Oliver Cromwell · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Cromwell chairs the opening session because Fairfax is absent and invites officers, soldiers and civilian advisers to speak on the public settlement after the First Civil War

Putney Debates

1647 · Robert Everard · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Everard, identified in the record as Buff Coat, presents the soldiers' request for advice on the Agreement of the People and joins the debate over the Army's political programme

Putney Debates

1647 · Thomas Fairfax · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Fairfax is absent through illness, but the debates take place under the authority of the Army command that sought to prevent division between officers and rank-and-file soldiers

Putney Debates

1647 · Thomas Fairfax · England · Warfare · Civil War

Senior officers in the Army (nicknamed "Grandees") were incensed by the "Case of the Army" and ordered the unofficial Agitators to give an account of their principles before the General Council of the Army, known as the Putney Debates

Putney Debates

1647 · Thomas Fairfax · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates

Putney Debates

1647 · Henry Ireton · England · Putney · Government · New Model Army

Ireton argues against immediate manhood suffrage and defends property-based political rights.

Putney Debates

1647 · Henry Ireton · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Ireton explains that The Case of the Army had been referred to a committee, creating the immediate reason for inviting the New Agents to state their principles at Putney

Putney Debates

1647 · Henry Ireton · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Ireton supports committee examination of The Case of the Army, because the Grandees want the New Agents' demands tested before the Army accepts any radical settlement

Putney Debates

1647 · Maximilian Petty · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Petty takes part as a civilian adviser connected with the Army radicals, supporting proposals for a written constitutional settlement based on popular consent

Putney Debates

1647 · Maximilian Petty · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers

Putney Debates

1647 · Maximillian Petty · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers

Putney Debates

1647 · Thomas Rainsborough · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Rainsborough takes part as the highest-ranking officer sympathetic to the Leveller position and challenges continued negotiation with the King

Putney Debates

1647 · Edward Sexby · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Sexby says the Army and kingdom require speedy relief, making soldiers' arrears, indemnity and constitutional security part of the reason the debates take place

Putney Debates

1647 · Edward Sexby · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Sexby takes part for the Army radicals, explaining that soldiers and their advisers have come to present their constitutional demands to the General Council of the Army

Putney Debates

1647 · Matthew Weale · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Weale, probably the Bedfordshire Man from Whalley's regiment, is associated with the New Agents who brought the soldiers' constitutional case before the General Council

Putney Debates

1647 · John Whalley · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Whalley's regiment is represented through the soldier known as the Bedfordshire Man, showing that regimental agents helped force the constitutional dispute onto the Army Council's agenda

Putney Debates

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers

Putney Debates

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers

Putney Debates

1647 · John Wildman · England · Putney · Warfare · Civil War

Wildman takes part as a civilian adviser to the Army radicals, helping press the Agreement of the People as an alternative to settlement by King, Lords and Commons

States General Support

1688 · William III of Orange · England · The Hague · Warfare · English Succession War

The States General formally supports the expedition of William III of Orange, presenting the intervention as necessary for Dutch security and Protestant interests.

Peru-Bolivian Confederation

1836 · Andres de Santa Cruz y Calahumana · Bolivia · Huaura · Government · Government of Bolivia

Santa Cruz creates the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and becomes its Supreme Protector.

Rule of Peru

1836 · Andres de Santa Cruz y Calahumana · Bolivia · Huaura · Government · Government of Bolivia

Santa Cruz formally organises Bolivia, North Peru and South Peru within the confederation.

Conference of Warsaw

1850 · Frederick William IV · Germany · Warsaw · Revolution · Revolution of Germany

Russia supports Austria's efforts to crush the revolutions of 1848

Conference of Warsaw

1850 · Felix zu Schwarzenburg · Austria · Warsaw · Government · Government of Austria

The aims of the conference are to re-establish order in the German states following the revolutions of 1848 and to prevent war between Austria and Prussia over the Hessian Question

Conference of Warsaw

1850 · Felix zu Schwarzenburg · Austria · Warsaw · Government · Government of Austria

The Conference of Warsaw results in Russian support for Austria as well as the restoration of the German Confederation

Conference of Warsaw

1850 · Felix zu Schwarzenburg · Austria · Warsaw · Government · Government of Austria

The Warsaw Conference is attended by the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire

German Confederation

1850 · Felix zu Schwarzenburg · Austria · Warsaw · Government · Government of Austria

The Conference of Warsaw results in Russian support for Austria as well as the restoration of the German Confederation

Calafat Bridgehead

1853 · Omar Pasha · Turkey · Calafat · Warfare · Crimean War

Supports the Ottoman advance across the Danube that establishes the fortified Calafat bridgehead.

Occupation of Calafat

1853 · Ismail Pasha · Turkey · Calafat · Warfare · Crimean War

Crosses the Danube from Vidin and establishes an Ottoman bridgehead at Calafat.

Constitution of Bolivia

1880 · Narciso Campero · Bolivia · La Paz · Government · Government of Bolivia

Campero promulgates the constitution that anchors Bolivia's later oligarchic republic.

End of Holstein-Ledreborg Government

1909 · Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg · Denmark · Copenhagen · Government · Government of Denmark

The Holstein-Ledreborg Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

First Zahle Government

1909 · Carl Theodor Zahle · Denmark · Copenhagen · Government · Government of Denmark

Begins the First Zahle Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.

Naval War Staff

1911 · Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · Government · Liberal Party Government

Completes a memorandum advocating the creation of a Naval War Staff

Defence of Scutari

1912 · Hasan Riza Pasha · Turkey · Scutari · Warfare · Balkan Wars, 1st

Organises Ottoman resistance at Scutari.

Promotion to Lieutenant

1912 · Alfred Jodl · Germany · Augsburg · Warfare · Military

Jodl is commissioned as a lieutenant in the Bavarian artillery.

Siege of Scutari

1912 · Nicholas Petrovic-Njegos · Montenegro · Scutari · Warfare · Balkan Wars, 1st

Montenegrin forces besiege Scutari.

Dismissal

1915 · Henry Herbert Asquith · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 1st

Reduces the size of the War Council

Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

1915 · Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 1st

Threatens to resign if Asquith carries out his announcement to reduce the War Council

War Council Reduced

1915 · Henry Herbert Asquith · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 1st

Reduces the size of the War Council.

Kerensky-Krasnov Rising

1917 · Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky · Russia · Gatchina · Revolution · Revolution of Russia

Kerensky joins Krasnov's headquarters while seeking military support for a counter-revolutionary campaign.

Kerensky-Krasnov Rising

1917 · Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov · Russia · Tsarskoye Selo · Revolution · Revolution of Russia

Krasnov gathers Cossack forces south of Petrograd after agreeing to support Kerensky's attempt to challenge Bolshevik power.

Kerensky-Krasnov Rising

1917 · Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov · Russia · Gatchina · Revolution · Revolution of Russia

Krasnov's Cossack detachment advances toward Gatchina during the unsuccessful attempt to restore the Provisional Government.

Military Revolutionary Committee

1917 · Nikolai Ilyich Podvoisky · Russia · Petrograd · Revolution · Revolution of Russia

The committee helps defend the new regime.

Constitution of Germany

1918 · Maximilian of Baden · Germany · Berlin · Government · Weimar Republic

The Kaiser signs amended constitution

Czechoslovak Independence

1918 · Alois Rasin · Czech Republic · Prague · Politics · Czechoslovak Independence

Helps proclaim Czechoslovak independence in Prague.

Committee of Action

1922 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Milan · Government · Nazionale Falange

The Committee of Action is formed in Milan which becomes the fascist HQ

Coup

1922 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Politics · Nazionale Fascista

The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome

Declaration of Measures Safety

1922 · Luigi Facta · Italy · Government · Government of Italy

Signed by the Facta Cabinet, orders Royal guards & Carabinieri to prevent disturbances

March on Rome

1922 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Politics · Nazionale Fascista

The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome

Martial Law

1922 · Vittorio Emanuele · Italy · Warfare · Civil War

Agrees to declare a state of emergency & use the army to impose martial law

PNF

1922 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Politics · Nazionale Fascista

The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome

Reballion of Believes fascist

1922 · Emanuele Pugliese · Italy · Warfare · Civil War

Believes fascist revolt can ended in a few hours but the King refuses to use the Army

Reballion of Believes the fascist

1922 · Emanuele Pugliese · Italy · Warfare · Military

Believes the fascist revolt can be put down but the King refuses to use the Army

Reballion of put down the

1922 · Luigi Facta · Italy · Rome · Warfare · Civil War

Advises the King to use the Army to put down the rebellion but the King refuses

Resignation of Luigi Facta

1922 · Luigi Facta · Italy · Government · Government of Italy

Fails to get Victor Emmanuel to agree to martial law & resigns

State of Emergency

1922 · Vittorio Emanuele · Italy · Warfare · Civil War

Agrees to declare a state of emergency & use the army to impose martial law

Prime Minister of Iran

1923 · Pahlavi · Iran · Government · Government of Iran

Appointed Prime Minister of Persia

Black Monday

1929 · Herbert Clerk Hoover · United States of America · Government · Republican Party Government

The first "Black Monday", more investors decide to get out of the market, and the slide continues with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 13%

Wall Street Crash

1929 · Herbert Clerk Hoover · United States of America · Government · Republican Party Government

The first "Black Monday", more investors decide to get out of the market, and the slide continues with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 13%

Prime Minister of Iran

1932 · Pahlavi · Iran · House · House of Pahlavi

Appointed Prime Minister of Persia

Exile of Adolf Hitler

1935 · Adolf Hitler · Germany · Berlin · Government · NSDAP Government

17,000 Polish Jews are expelled

International Brigade

1938 · Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco-Bahamonde · Spain · Barcelona · Warfare · Civil War

Farewell parade of the International Brigade

Altmark Refuelling near Tristan da Cunha

1939 · Hans Langsdorff · Germany · Tristan da Cunha · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Graf Spee meets Altmark near Tristan da Cunha for another refuelling before turning toward the Indian Ocean.

Indian Ocean Diversion Begins

1939 · Hans Langsdorff · Germany · South Atlantic · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Langsdorff turns Graf Spee toward the Indian Ocean to widen the search for merchant targets and complicate British tracking.

Advisery War Council

1940 · Robert Menzies · Australia · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Founds the Advisery War Council

Greek War

1940 · Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · London · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Promises support after Italy attacks Greece.

Invasion of Greece

1940 · George II · Greece · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War

Invasion of Greece

1940 · Emmanuel Grazzi · Italy · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Metaxas rejected the ultimatum (the refusal is commemorated as Ohi Day, a national holiday in Greece), but even before its expiration, Italian troops had invaded Greece through Albania. Italian Ambassador Emmanuel Grazzi presents Metaxas with a three-hour ultimatum, in which he demands free passage for troops to occupy unspecified "strategic sites" within Greek territory

Invasion of Greece

1940 · Ioannis Metaxas · Greece · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War

Invasion of Greece

1940 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Metaxas rejects the Italian ultimatum (commemorated as Ohi Day, a national holiday in Greece)

Invasion of Greece

1940 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The failed invasion attempt diverts German divisions from the Russian front

Italian Ultimatum Rejected

1940 · Ioannis Metaxas · Greece · Athens · Government · Government of Greece

Metaxas rejects Italy's ultimatum and Greece enters the Second World War.

Enigma Machine

1941 · Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · London · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Orders urgent priority for Bletchley Park resources after receiving the codebreakers' appeal for more support.

Enigma Machine

1941 · Alan Mathison Turing · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Churchill then wrote a memo to General Ismay which read: "ACTION THIS DAY.

Enigma Machine

1941 · Alan Mathison Turing · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done.", more than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.

Enigma Machine

1941 · Alan Mathison Turing · Great Britain · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Writes directly to Churchill spelling out his difficulties emphasising how small the need is compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer.

Strike

1943 · Franklin Delano Roosevelt · United States of America · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Miners go on strike

Invasion of Germany

1944 · Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · River Rhine · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads

Northern Norway Evacuation Order Transmitted

1944 · Alfred Jodl · Germany · Berlin · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Jodl transmits an order for evacuation and destruction in northern Norway as German forces withdraw.

November Offensive

1944 · Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · River Rhine · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads

Offensive

1944 · Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · River Rhine · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Orders the November Offensive which destroys all German forces west of the River Rhine

Scorched Earth Measures in Northern Norway Ordered

1944 · Alfred Jodl · Germany · Northern Norway · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The order transmitted by Jodl directs destruction intended to deny shelter and resources to advancing Soviet forces.

Wedemeyer Appointment

1944 · Chiang Kai-Shek · China · Chongqing · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Appoints Albert Wedemeyer as chief of staff for the China Theater after the United States reorganizes the former China-Burma-India command.

National Assembly

1945 · Eduard Benes · Czech Republic · Government · Government of Czech Rep

Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly

President of Czechoslovakia

1945 · Eduard Benes · Czech Republic · Government · Government of Czech Rep

Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly

High Command Trial Sentence

1948 · Wilhelm von Leeb · Germany · Nuremberg · Warfare · World War, 2nd

Leeb was sentenced to three years imprisonment, effectively time served, in the High Command Case.

Israeli Intentions Assessed before Attack

1956 · John Foster Dulles · United States of America · Washington · Warfare · Suez War

Dulles receives reports indicating that Israeli military action against Egypt may be imminent.

Israeli Mobilisation Warning Sent

1956 · Dwight D. Eisenhower · United States of America · Washington · Warfare · Suez War

Eisenhower warns Israel against widening the Middle East crisis as mobilisation becomes evident.

Operation Kadesh Political Approval

1956 · David Ben-Gurion · Israel · Jerusalem · Warfare · Suez War

Ben-Gurion gives final political approval for the Sinai offensive.

Operation Tarnegol Air Command

1956 · Dan Tolkowsky · Israel · Eastern Mediterranean · Warfare · Suez War

Tolkowsky commands the Israeli Air Force as it intercepts an Egyptian aircraft carrying senior military officers on the eve of Kadesh.

Sinai Mobilisation Ordered

1956 · Moshe Dayan · Israel · Israel · Warfare · Suez War

Dayan orders final mobilisation and deployment for Operation Kadesh.

Wir Wunderkinder

1958 · Kurt Hoffmann · Germany · West Germany · Arts · Cinema

Directs Wir Wunderkinder, a satire of post-war West Germany.

Metropole Hotel Registration

1959 · Lee Harvey Oswald · United States of America · Moscow · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

After leaving the hospital, Lee checked out of the Hotel Berlin and registered at Moscow's Metropole Hotel.

Beatles, The

1961 · Brian Epstein · Great Britain · Liverpool · Arts · Popular Music

Brian Epstein learns of the existence of The Beatles

Cuban Crisis Resolution Broadcast

1962 · Nikita Sergeyevich Khruschev · Russia · Moscow · Government · Government of Russia

Publicly accepts a settlement based on Soviet missile withdrawal and an American pledge not to invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Sergei Biryuzov · Russia · Moscow · Warfare · Military

Biryuzov's missile forces received orders to dismantle the Cuban launch sites and prepare the strategic missiles for return shipment.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · McGeorge Bundy · United States of America · White House · Government · Democratic Party Government

Bundy helped coordinate immediate follow-up after the Soviet decision to dismantle and remove the offensive missiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Fidel Alejandro Castro · Cuba · Havana · Government · Communist Party Government

Castro issued five demands for a broader settlement and rejected foreign inspection on Cuban territory.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Fidel Alejandro Castro · Cuba · Havana · Government · Communist Party Government

Castro learned that Khrushchev had agreed to remove the missiles without first securing Cuban approval of the settlement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Fidel Alejandro Castro · Cuba · Government · Communist Party Government

Khrushchev agrees to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Castro demands that the USA evacuate Cuba's Guantanamo naval base.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Raul Castro · Cuba · Cuba · Government · Communist Party Government

Raul Castro helped manage Cuban military readiness after Moscow announced that the strategic missiles would be withdrawn.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Anatoly Dobrynin · Russia · Washington · Government · Government of Russia

Dobrynin reported American reactions to Moscow as the Soviet government announced acceptance of the missile-withdrawal settlement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko · Russia · Moscow · Government · Government of Russia

Gromyko participated in implementing the diplomatic settlement after Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the offensive missiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · John Fitzgerald Kennedy · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

Kennedy directed officials to continue verification and quarantine measures until Soviet offensive weapons were actually removed.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · John Fitzgerald Kennedy · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

Kennedy welcomed Khrushchev's decision as an important contribution to peace.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Robert Francis Kennedy · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

Robert Kennedy participated in discussions on implementing the agreement while maintaining secrecy around the private Turkish missile understanding.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Nikita Sergeyevich Khruschev · Russia · Moscow · Government · Government of Russia

Khrushchev agrees to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Khruschev removes the missiles but on the understanding the USA does not invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Nikita Sergeyevich Khruschev · Russia · Moscow · Government · Government of Russia

Khrushchev ordered the offensive missiles dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union under the emerging settlement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Rodion Malinovsky · Russia · Moscow · Warfare · Military

Malinovsky transmitted orders connected with dismantling and returning the offensive missile systems after the political settlement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · John A. McCone · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

McCone emphasized continued reconnaissance and verification after Khrushchev agreed to dismantle and remove the offensive missiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Robert McNamara · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

McNamara directed the military to maintain pressure and surveillance while Soviet forces began preparing the missiles for removal.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Dean Rusk · United States of America · Washington · Government · Democratic Party Government

Rusk directed diplomatic work on verification and implementation after Moscow announced that the missiles would be removed.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Theodore Chaikin Sorensen · United States of America · White House · Government · Democratic Party Government

Sorensen assisted with Kennedy's public response welcoming the Soviet decision to remove the missiles from Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Maxwell Davenport Taylor · United States of America · Pentagon · Warfare · Military

Taylor kept United States forces at high readiness while officials awaited evidence that Soviet dismantling had begun.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 · Llewellyn Thompson · United States of America · White House · Government · Democratic Party Government

Thompson helped assess Khrushchev's acceptance message and advised continued attention to Soviet implementation.

Government

1962 · John Fitzgerald Kennedy · United States of America · Government · Democratic Party Government

Welcomes Krushchevs offer to remove missiles from Cuba. Khruschev removes the missiles but on the understanding the USA does not invade Cuba

Order to Dismantle Cuban Missiles

1962 · Nikita Sergeyevich Khruschev · Russia · Moscow · Government · Government of Russia

Orders Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union.

Shadow Minister

1964 · Margaret Hilda Thatcher · Great Britain · Government · Conservative Party Government

Appointed shadow spokesman on pensions

Pope Paul VI issues a decree absolving Jews of collective guilt for

1965 · Levi Eshkol · Israel · Government · Government of Israel

Pope Paul VI issues a decree absolving Jews of collective guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ

Face to Face

1966 · Raymond Douglas Davies · Great Britain · London · Arts · Popular Music

The Kinks release Face to Face.

Federation Law

1968 · Gustav Husak · Slovakia · Prague · Government · Federalisation

Supports federalisation creating Czech and Slovak republics.

European Community Entry Vote

1971 · Roy Harris Jenkins · Great Britain · London · Politics · Labour Party

Votes for European Community entry and helps rally pro-European Labour Members of Parliament.

Labour Rebellion on Europe

1971 · Roy Harris Jenkins · Great Britain · London · Politics · Labour Party

Defies Labour's official position during the decisive Commons vote on European entry.

Kilometre 101

1973 · Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy · Egypt · Kilometre 101 · Warfare · Yom Kippur War

Meets Israeli officers at Kilometre 101 to discuss implementation of the ceasefire.

Speaker of House of Commons

1974 · Selwyn Lloyd · Great Britain · Government · Conservative Party Government

Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons

Geneva Conference Opens

1976 · Ian Douglas Smith · Zimbabwe · Geneva · Government · Government of Zimbabwe

Smith attends negotiations on an interim authority and the transfer to majority rule.

Geneva Conference Opens

1976 · Ian Douglas Smith · Zimbabwe · Geneva · Government · Government of Zimbabwe

Smith attends the opening of the Geneva Conference on Rhodesia's political future.

Nuclear Export Policy

1976 · Gerald Ford · United States of America · Washington · Government · Republican Party Government

Restricts reprocessing and sensitive nuclear exports.

Never Mind the Bollocks

1977 · Paul Cook · Great Britain · London · Arts · Popular Music

Provides the hard, direct drumming throughout Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.

Never Mind the Bollocks

1977 · Steve Jones · Great Britain · London · Arts · Popular Music

Records most of the guitar work and some bass parts on the Sex Pistols' only studio album.

Never Mind the Bollocks

1977 · Bill Price · Great Britain · London · Arts · Popular Music

Engineers Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during sessions at Wessex Studios.

Never Mind the Bollocks

1977 · Chris Thomas · Great Britain · London · Arts · Popular Music

Produces Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols with engineer Bill Price.

Moving Targets Album

1978 · Pauline Murray · Great Britain · Great Britain · Arts · Music

Moving Targets enters the UK albums chart and reaches number twenty-two.

Majles Approval

1981 · Mir Hossein Mousavi · Iran · Tehran · Government · Government of Iran

Majles approves Mousavi as prime minister after Khomeini accepts him as a compromise candidate

Metallica

1981 · James Hetfield · United States of America · Los Angeles · Arts · Popular Music

Metallica is formed by guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and Danish-born drummer Lars Ulrich, after both had placed classified advertisements in the publication The Recycler about forming a band

Metallica

1981 · Lars Ulrich · United States of America · Los Angeles · Arts · Popular Music

Metallica is formed by guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and Danish-born drummer Lars Ulrich, after both had placed classified advertisements in the publication The Recycler about forming a band

Strike

1984 · Arthur Scargill · Great Britain · Politics · National Union of Mineworkers

The Sunday Times discloses the miners asked Libya for money

Metallica

1986 · Jason Newsted · United States of America · Arts · Popular Music

Jason Newsted, formerly of Arizonas Flotsam and Jetsam is asked to join, Newsted officially joins Metallica three weeks after Burtons funeral

Election

1990 · Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev · Russia · Georgia · Government · Government of Russia

Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence

European Monetary Union

1990 · Guido Carli · Italy · Rome · Government · European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Rome conclusions advancing the second stage of economic and monetary union.

European Political Union

1990 · Gianni De Michelis · Italy · Rome · Government · European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Rome conclusions favouring gradual transformation of the Community into a political union.

Independence of Georgia

1990 · Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev · Russia · Georgia · Government · Government of Russia

Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence

Independence of Russia

1990 · Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev · Russia · Georgia · Government · Government of Russia

Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence

Rome EMU Timetable

1990 · Theodor Waigel · Germany · Rome · Government · European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports work on the timetable and institutional design for economic and monetary union.

Rome Monetary Union Discussions

1990 · Efthymios Christodoulou · Greece · Rome · Government · European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Greek economic policy during negotiations on the institutional design of monetary union.

Presidency Member Takes Office

2002 · Dragan Covic · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Sarajevo · Government · Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Dragan Covic becomes Croat member of the Presidency

Presidency Member Takes Office

2002 · Mirko Sarovic · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Sarajevo · Government · Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mirko Sarovic becomes Serb member of the Presidency

Presidency Member Takes Office

2002 · Sulejman Tihic · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Sarajevo · Government · Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sulejman Tihic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency

Youngest Arsenal First-Team Player

2003 · Cesc Fabregas · Spain · London · Sport · Football

Becomes Arsenal's youngest first-team player in a League Cup match against Rotherham United.

Article 50 Extension

2019 · Boris Johnson · Great Britain · Brussels · Government · Conservative Party Government

The European Union grants a Brexit extension to 31 January 2020.

Births on October 28

Birth of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans

1880 · Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans · Great Britain · Exploration · Exploration and Discovery

Birth of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans

Birth of Garrinca

1933 · Garrincha · Brazil · Pau Grande · Sport · Football

Birth of Garrinca

Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

1956 · Mahmoud Ahmadinejad · Iraq · Garmsar · Government · Government of Iraq

Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Deaths on October 28

Death of Huntly

1562 · George Gordon · Scotland · Corrichie · House · House of Gordon

Huntly dies after defeat and capture at Corrichie

Death of Jahangir

1627 · Jahangir · India · House · House of Mogul

Death of Indiairth of Nuruddin Salim Jahangir

Death of John Locke

1704 · John Locke · England · High Laver · Humanities · Philosophy

John Locke dies at High Laver in Essex.

Battles on October 28

Battle of Milvian Bridge

312 · Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Milvian Bridge · Warfare · Military

Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and becomes the dominant ruler in the western Roman Empire.

Battle of Yaunis Khan

1516 · Sinan Pasha · Turkey · Yaunis Khan · Warfare · Military

Defeats a Marmeluke force near Gaza

Battle of Corrichie

1562 · George Gordon · Scotland · Corrichie · Warfare · Huntly Rebellion

Huntly is defeated by forces loyal to Mary

Battle of Corrichie

1562 · James Stewart · Scotland · Corrichie · Warfare · Huntly Rebellion

Defeats George Gordon Earl of Huntly at Corrichie near Aberdeen

Battle of Corrichie

1562 · James Stewart · Scotland · Corrichie · Warfare · Huntly Rebellion

Moray commands Mary's forces at Corrichie

Battle of Guirgevo

1595 · Sinan Pasha · Turkey · Guirgevo · Warfare · Long War

The Prince of Transylvania in alliance with the Habsburgs defeats Pasha

Battle of Guirgevo

1595 · Sigismund Bathory · Romania · Guirgevo · Warfare · Long War

The Prince of Transylvania conquers Wallachia by defeating Pasha

Battle of Selimbar

1599 · Michael the Brave · Romania · Selimbar · Warfare · Long Turkish War

Defeats Andrew Bathory and enters Transylvania.

Battle of Suceava

1600 · Sigismund Bathory · Romania · Suceava · Warfare · Romania-Moldova War

Defeated by Michael of Moldova

Battle of Poltava

1708 · Ivan Mazepa · Ukraine · Baturyn · Warfare · Great Northern War

Breaks with Peter I and seeks Swedish support before the Poltava campaign.

Battle of Poltava

1709 · Frederick IV · Denmark · Copenhagen · Warfare · Great Northern War

Re-enters the war against Sweden after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.

Battle of Prestonpans

1745 · William Augustus · Great Britain · London · Warfare · Jacobite Rebellion

After the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans Cumberland has returned to England

Battle of White Plains

1776 · George Washington · United States of America · White Plains · Warfare · American War of Independence

The British forces inflict heavy casualties on Washingtons army

Battle of Greece

1940 · George II · Greece · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War

Battle of Greece

1940 · Ioannis Metaxas · Greece · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War

Battle of Greece

1940 · Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini · Italy · Warfare · World War, 2nd

The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War

Coronations on October 28

Coronation

1216 · Henry III · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

A simple golden band was placed on the young boys head, not by the Archbishop of Canterbury but by another clergyman-either Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester or Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, the Papal legate.

Coronation

1216 · Henry III · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

Henry III is inducted for a 2nd time.

Coronation

1216 · Henry III · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

Henry III swears an oath to defend the Church of God.

Coronation

1216 · Henry III · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

Henry III swears an oath to protect the peace of clergy and people and to defend the law.

Coronation

1216 · Henry III · England · Westminster Abbey · House · House of Plantagenet

Henry III was the first monarch to be crowned while still a minor.

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