April 25 in History

Invested as the Duke of Normandy

Finally defeats the Welsh at Bere castle, Merionethshire

Joan of Arc leaves for Orleans with an army & a large quantity of food supplies for the hungry city

Joan of Arc leaves for Orleans with an army & a large quantity of food supplies for the hungry city

Edward IV has George Neville the Archbishop of York arrested

Empson & Dudley are scapegoats for the extortion of Henry VIIs ministers

Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley are scapegoats for Henry VIIs ministers extortion

Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley are scapegoats for Henry VIIs ministers extortion

Empson & Dudley are scapegoats for the extortion of Henry VIIs ministers

Declares war on France

English forces evacuate Boulogne under the terms of the peace settlement with France.

Arundel supports the Lords recommendation that the Commons grant money before debating grievances.

Elizabeth Lilburne helps lead Leveller women petitioners demanding the release of imprisoned Leveller leaders and asserting that women also have an interest in the liberties of the Commonwealth

Reaches Strath Oykel waiting to be joined by the Monroes & Rosses

The republicans in Parliament allied with the army forced Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament

The republicans in Parliament allied with the army forced Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament

Grimston serves as Speaker when the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the return of monarchy.

Grimston is chosen Speaker as the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the Restoration.

Monck's political settlement allows a new Parliament to meet with Lords and Commons.

Monck's pressure for a free Parliament helps make the Convention Parliament possible.

The Convention Parliament assembles to decide the constitutional settlement and the restoration terms.

The Convention Parliament is elected on the traditional franchise with Lords and Commons represented.

Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority

The Convention Parliament is elected and prepares to settle the return of monarchy.

Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority

Charles's restoration is now certain

The Convention Parliament is chosen under the traditional county and borough franchise.

Sweden joins England and the Dutch Republic in the Triple Alliance against French expansion.

Sweden joins England and the Dutch Republic in the Triple Alliance against French expansion.

Is appointed to help prepare the Lords' reasons for insisting on their amendment to the Billingsgate Market bill.

After the victory at Almansa, Bourbon authority is strengthened in Valencia.

Kandahar is captured

Taylor's army is drawn into war after fighting breaks out north of the Rio Grande

Arista's forces engage American troops in the clash that helps trigger formal war

Gives royal assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill despite violent opposition.

Opens construction work at Port Said, beginning the excavation of the Suez Canal.

Allows construction to begin at Port Said under the Suez Canal Company concession.

Work starts on the shore of the future Port Said

Work starts on the shore of the future Port Said. The excavation takes some 10 years using forced labor (corvee) of Egyptian workers, sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that thousands of laborers died

The Danish army commanded by General Niels Christian Lunding, on direct order from the Minister of War, abandons Fredericia, which was besieged by Austrians

Appointed President of Venezuela

Seizes the Hanoi citadel with a small French force.

The action intensifies French intervention in northern Vietnam.

The USA begins to blockade Havana

Congress declares war against Spain

United States naval forces begin restricting shipping into Havana as hostilities intensify around Cuba.

Reaches latitude 86 34, setting a new record by surpassing Nansens result of 1895 by 35-40 kilometres

Brabant's colonial troops take part in operations that relieve the besieged garrison at Wepener.

Rundle advances toward Wepener and helps force De Wet to abandon the siege.

Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress in London.

Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress.

Introduces temporary release for hunger-striking prisoners in poor health.

Allows recovered prisoners to be returned to complete their sentences.

Stoker takes submarine AE2 into the defended Dardanelles on the morning of the Allied landings.

Stoker receives instructions to enter the Sea of Marmara and attack Ottoman communications.

Stoker succeeds in taking AE2 through the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmara.

Stoker reports that AE2 has passed the Narrows, encouraging Allied commanders during the first landing day.

Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove

Celebrated as ANZAC day

Birdwood's ANZAC Corps lands north of its intended objective and establishes a precarious beachhead.

Hamilton orders the Anzacs to hold their ground rather than abandon the beachhead on the first night.

Esat releases additional troops to contain the ANZAC beachhead during the first day.

Hamilton launches the main British landings on five beaches around Cape Helles.

Mustafa Kemal reaches the high ground and commits reserves before the Anzacs can secure the crest.

Birdwood reports his divisional commanders' recommendation to evacuate after the confused first day ashore.

Mustafa Kemal orders the 57th Regiment to counterattack the advancing ANZAC troops.

Mustafa Kemal sends the 57th Regiment toward the heights after learning of the ANZAC landing.

Bridges lands with the 1st Australian Division and attempts to organise the scattered troops above ANZAC Cove.

MacLaurin's brigade moves into the left side of the expanding ANZAC perimeter.

Monash brings the 4th Australian Brigade ashore and helps fill gaps in the developing ANZAC perimeter.

Guepratte's warships bombard Ottoman positions supporting the French diversion at Kum Kale.

De Robeck provides naval escort, bombardment and landing craft support for the invasion.

D'Amade directs the French diversionary landing on the Asian shore at Kum Kale.

Mustafa Kemal rallies retreating Ottoman soldiers and orders them to hold the high ground above Anzac.

Hunter-Weston attempts to reinforce troops trapped around the River Clyde landing at V Beach.

McCay's brigade is diverted toward the southern flank as the landing plan breaks down.

Bridges questions the halt on the second ridge while the original objectives remain beyond the ANZAC foothold.

Halil Sami reinforces Ottoman defenders resisting the British landings around Sedd el Bahr.

Sinclair-MacLagan's brigade lands before dawn and begins securing the ridges above ANZAC Cove.

Esat directs Ottoman reserves as Allied troops land at Helles and Anzac.

Sinclair-MacLagan halts the covering force on the second ridge rather than pressing toward the third ridge.

Hunter-Weston directs 29th Division operations as troops assault heavily defended V Beach at Sedd el Bahr.

Sefik's regiment helps inflict severe losses on troops attempting to land at V Beach.

Hunter-Weston's 29th Division lands at W Beach and fights to secure the Helles foothold.

Malone brings the Wellington Battalion ashore and begins organising defensive positions within the ANZAC perimeter.

Hunter-Weston's troops secure X Beach and begin expanding the northern side of the Helles perimeter.

German forces seize Kemmel Hill but fail to convert the gain into a decisive breakthrough in Flanders.

Haig coordinates British and French resistance during renewed German attacks around Kemmel.

Poland invades Russia

Britain receives the Mesopotamia mandate after Ottoman defeat.

Britain receives the Palestine mandate at San Remo.

France receives the Syria and Lebanon mandate.

Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea

Start of peasant insurrection in Tambov

Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea

Founds the Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, an agricultural settlement experimenting new cultivation techniques

Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Sheffield United to win the FA Cup.

Settles trade & financial questions, deprives the Royal Navy of Irish bases

Concludes agreements with Britain resolving the economic dispute and providing for the return of the Treaty Ports.

Publishes Homage to Catalonia.

Sends another letter to Roosevelt concerning the need for effective action on uranium research.

Chosen as king after the death of Sisowath Monivong

Hitler issues a directive to capture Crete

Appointed Commander of the 91st Air Landing Division

Konevs units make contact with Omar Bradleys Twelfth Army

Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering

Hitler summons Greim to Berlin to take command of the Luftwaffe from Goering

Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering

The US & Soviet troops meet Leckwitz & Torgau on the River Elbe

Himmler's approach reveals fragmentation inside the Nazi leadership but does not produce a separate peace.

Informed Heinrich Himmler wishes to open his own peace negotiations with the Allies

Appointed 2nd Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee

Appointed 2nd Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee

The Saint Lawrence Seaway opens to navigation, completing a major United States-Canadian infrastructure project backed by Eisenhower.

Goes into exile after the collapse of the third Algiers rebellion

The Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Begins the Theo Lefevre Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Al-Khasawneh participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

In a broadcast to the French nation says he will resign if the Government is defeated

Performs an EVA during the return flight to retrieve film from the service module scientific instrument bay.

Suicide note reads, "Dear World, I am leaving because I am bored. I feel I have lived long enough. I am leaving you with your worries in this sweet cesspool. Good luck."

The Edmond Leburton Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Begins the Leo Tindemans Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Democratic Kampuchea declared under Angkar leadership

The Kinks release Soap Opera.

Hunt eventually spent 33 months in prison at the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving there on April 25, 1975

Hunt eventually spent 33 months in prison at the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving there on April 25, 1975

Arrives at the federal prison camp at Eglin Air Force Base to serve imprisonment arising from his Watergate conspiracy conviction.

Sings on Heaven and Hell, restoring Black Sabbath's commercial and critical momentum.

Leads the renewed Black Sabbath sound on Heaven and Hell with Ronnie James Dio.

Serves in the Wessex crew whose depth-charge attack severely damages the Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe.

Pilots the Wessex during the attack that helps disable ARA Santa Fe near South Georgia.

In accordance with Camp David agreements, Israel completes the Sinai withdrawal

Ariel Sharon, as defense minister, directs the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula

South Georgia is recaptured from the Argentinians

Announces the recovery of South Georgia.

South Georgia recaptured by Royal Marines - Thatcher tells Britain to "rejoice"

South Georgia is recaptured & the nation is told to "rejoice!"

After a short forced march by the British force ordered by Sheridan, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance, Prime Minister Thatcher breaks the news to the media, telling them to "Just rejoice at that news!"

Leads British forces as South Georgia is retaken.

Receives most remaining occupied Sinai territory after Israel completes its scheduled withdrawal.

In accordance with Camp David agreements, Israel completes the Sinai withdrawal

Ariel Sharon, as defense minister, directs the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula

Continues helicopter operations supporting British forces during the recapture of South Georgia.

Pakistani and Indian troops clash on the Siachen front after both sides establish positions in the high mountains.

Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb

Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb

Creates the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation to investigate deaths and disappearances.

Wins a nationwide referendum vote of confidence in his presidency and reform programme.

Taunts Prime Minister John Major at PMQs saying I lead my party he follows his

Ratifies the Chemical Weapons Convention for the United States after Senate consent.

Voters approved holding elections for a national constituent assembly.

Clinches the Premier League title at Tottenham during Arsenal's unbeaten 2003-04 league campaign.

The Gross Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Begins the Paroubek Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Represents Romania's state leadership when the EU accession treaty is concluded in Luxembourg.

Represents Bulgarian foreign policy as the country's EU accession treaty is signed.

Leads Bulgaria when its Treaty of Accession to the European Union is signed in Luxembourg.

Heads Romania's government when the accession treaty providing for 2007 membership is signed.

Saves Juan Roman Riquelme's late penalty to send Arsenal into their first Champions League final.

Releases We Shall Overcome The Seeger Sessions, interpreting songs associated with Pete Seeger.

Receives a state funeral in Moscow attended by Russian leaders and foreign dignitaries.

Iurie Leanca becomes acting Prime Minister after Filat leaves office

Filat leaves office after a government crisis

Gives a speech supporting remaining in the European Union.

Presents the national programme for economic and social transformation.

Chairs the cabinet session approving Saudi Vision 2030.

Announces his 2020 presidential campaign.

Leads an IAEA assistance mission to restore safeguards systems and assess safety and security at Chornobyl.

Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille

Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille

Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille

Birth of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, grandson of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, was born at Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, England, the firstborn of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer and his wife, Margaret de Fiennes

Birth of Oliver Cromwell

Marc Isambard Brunel is born at Hacqueville in Normandy to Jean Charles Brunel and Marie-Victoire Lefebvre.

Birth of Abdulmecid I, son of Sultan Mahmud II

Birth of Alice, 2nd child of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert

Birth of Alice, 2nd child of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert

Birth of Alfredo James "Al" Pacino

Death of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, 3rd Baron Holland

Suicide note reads, "Dear World, I am leaving because I am bored. I feel I have lived long enough. I am leaving you with your worries in this sweet cesspool. Good luck.". Death of George Henry Sanders

Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb

Death of Alan James Ball Jr

Somerset has to escape from the rout

Montagu is attacked by Somerset & Percy but inflicts a rout on them

Defeated & killed by Lord Montague, Warwicks brother

Berwick commands Bourbon forces in the decisive victory at Almansa.

The Duke of Berwick commands Bourbon forces in the decisive victory over the Grand Alliance near Almansa.

Is defeated by Bourbon forces at Almansa.

Bourbon forces win a major victory at Almansa during the Spanish campaign.

A Bourbon victory

Commands the resistence to Allied landings at "Anzac Cove" near Gaba Tepe

Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove

With the failure of the naval assault, the idea that land forces could advance around the backs of the Dardanelles forts and capture Istanbul gained support as an alternative, on 25 April, the Gallipoli Campaign is launched

Commands the 1st troop landings on Gallipoli with the 29th Div & Australian & NZ corps

Responsible for the Gallipoli front by leading the Mediterranean expeditionary force. Expects a 2 day advantage in which the Turks would be confused but is dissappointed. Celebrated as ANZAC day

Bockman's battalion suffers heavy losses after German troops counterattack the Norwegian advance at Gratangen.

The British are driven out of Halfaya Pass

Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering

The Soviets had consolidated their investment of Berlin and leading Soviet units were probing and penetrating the S-Bahn defensive ring. Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering

The US & Russian troops meet at the River Elbe

Crowned King of Scotland

Casimir III is crowned King of Poland