July 25 in History

Son of Constantius who dies by his side in York & then acclaimed Emperor by his troops

Constantine celebrates 20 years in power & his triumphs over the barbarians & Licinius

Seals the betrothal of the Queens son Edward to Warwicks daughter Anne Neville

Seals the betrothal of the Queens son Edward to Warwicks daughter Anne Neville

The marriage causes 3 insurrections. Parliament forbids Philips coronation even though he is co-ruler

Marries her Spanish cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral

Mary I marries her cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral

Mary's marriage settlement limits Philip's authority and prevents his independent coronation

Mary marries Philip of Spain at Winchester Cathedral

Philip marries Mary and becomes king consort of England

Mary marries Philip of Spain, strengthening England’s Catholic alliance.

Philip receives the style of king during Mary's lifetime under the marriage treaty

Marries Mary despite the earlier rebellion against the match.

Marries Philip after the rebellion has been suppressed.

Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, on the understanding that he remains a Catholic

After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father, accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it

After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father, accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it

Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, on the understanding that he remains a Catholic

Henry IV hears mass & swears allegiance to the Church. A ceremony in St Denis confirms Henrys conversion to Catholicism

Captures Prague's Lesser Town during the final war phase.

Receives the submission of Greater Poland after the capitulation of Ujscie

Joins the capitulation to Swedish forces in Greater Poland

Submits Greater Poland forces to Sweden at Ujscie

Commands Swedish forces in the early campaign in Greater Poland

A Moscow uprising breaks out over copper coinage, hardship and government policy.

Monck helps break Dutch pressure after the Four Days Battle and restores English naval initiative.

Captures Fort Niagra

Captures Fort Niagra, killed during the siege

Completes Symphony No 40 in G minor.

The Brunswick Manifesto threatened Paris if the royal family were harmed, further damaging confidence in Louis XVI.

Danton was elected president of the National Convention during the struggle between revolutionary factions.

Loses his right arm after being wounded at Tenerife.

Surrenders to Murat & is arrested

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo

Francisco de Miranda signed a capitulation with Spanish commander Domingo de Monteverde, ending organized resistance by the First Republic.

Reaches Beschenkowitschi, the town has been deserted

Failure to storm San Sebastian

1st day of Wellingtons siege of San Sebastian

Makes an assault on San Sebastian

Issues the July Ordinances restricting the press, dissolving the Chamber and narrowing the electorate.

His government issues the July Ordinances restricting the press and electorate, provoking the July Revolution.

Attains the full rank of Admiral

Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France

The Treaty is leaked to the Times. Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France

Appointed Prospective Member of Parliament for Oldham

In a letter to Grey proposes the British detach Spain from her pro-German position

Begins the Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.

Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Serbia. Austro-Hungarian Minister leaves Belgrade

Forms a new coalition government after the July crisis.

Moderate Soviet leaders briefly recover authority.

Appointed President of Finland

Adolf Hitler rejoins the party

The Abraham Berge Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the First Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control

Granted asylum in France

Assassinated after opposing anschluss with Germany

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss

Appointed Chancellor of Austria, succeeds Dolfuss who was assassinated by the Nazis

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss

Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany

Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss. Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government

The seventh congress officially endorses the Popular Front against fascism. The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held between July 25 and August 20 1935

The seventh congress officially endorses the Popular Front against fascism

Helps coordinate the Pyry exchange in which Poland shares its Enigma breakthrough with France and Britain.

Explains Polish Enigma methods and equipment to the British and French delegations at Pyry.

Learns at Pyry that Poland has reconstructed military Enigma and built working cryptanalytic machinery.

Receives a detailed explanation of the Polish solution to military Enigma at Pyry.

Authorises disclosure of Poland's Enigma achievements to British and French cryptanalysts at Pyry.

Explains the mathematical reconstruction of Enigma and Polish key-recovery methods to allied cryptanalysts.

Shares Polish experience of Enigma rotor analysis with the British and French delegations.

Demonstrates the perforated-sheet method to British and French cryptanalysts at the Pyry meeting.

Addresses the Commons on mobilisation of national resources for the war effort.

Plans to land 90,000 men in the 1st 6 days of the invasion of Britain

Ravenna under Nebbia reaches Voroshilovgrad and continues toward the Don front.

The Germans attack the 64th Army on the River Don

The Germans attack the 64th Army on the River Don

Is arrested after leaving his audience with King Victor Emmanuel III following dismissal from office.

Dismisses Benito Mussolini as head of government after the Fascist Grand Council crisis and orders his arrest.

Participates in the final Fascist Grand Council meeting while serving as party secretary.

Fails to prevent approval of the Grandi motion after a long overnight Grand Council debate.

Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini at the Fascist Grand Council.

Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini during the decisive Fascist Grand Council session.

Supports the Grandi motion that restores the King's constitutional authority.

Opposes Dino Grandi's motion and remains committed to the alliance with Germany.

Votes for the motion challenging Mussolini during the final Grand Council session.

Sees his motion approved by a majority of the Fascist Grand Council, fatally undermining Mussolini.

Remains at the centre of military planning as Mussolini falls and Badoglio assumes power.

King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshal Pietro Badoglio Prime Minister after dismissing Benito Mussolini.

Loses power after the Grand Council vote and the King's decision to dismiss and arrest him.

The US advances across St Lo to Periers Road

Appointed Commander of Army Group North

Appointed Supreme Commander Army Group North

After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.

The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich

Gives the go ahead for Operation Cobra

After the one-day postponement, Cobra got underway at 09:38 on 25 July, when around 600 Allied fighter-bombers attacked strongpoints and enemy artillery along a 300 yd (270 m)-wide strip of ground located in the St. Lo area

2,500 bombers from the Eighth & 9th Air Forces open a gap west of St Lo

Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July with a concentrated aerial bombardment from thousands of Allied aircraft

To help Patton to break out of Avranches & drive into Brittany. Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest

Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest

Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible

Following breakout by the US First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra on July 25, 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich

The Allies begin their breakout from Normandy

Foulkes commanded the Canadian division making costly attacks south of Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.

Meyer's forces defended Verrieres Ridge against Canadian attacks south of Caen.

Simonds planned Spring to seize Verrieres Ridge and open the route south from Caen.

After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.

The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.

Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich

Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible

The North Koreans capture Yongdok, only 1/4 of South Korea is under United Nations control

Appointed Commander of the 24th US Infantry Division

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Töölön Pallokenttä in Helsinki.

The Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic of Tunisia.

Sunol helps ambush an army company moving supplies toward surrounded troops.

Ramos Latour helps force Company P to retreat from its supply mission.

Del Rio's fighters support the ambush blocking army supplies.

Galvez participates in the rebel attack against the advancing army company.

Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces

Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces

Announces on TV Berlin had become "the great testing place of Western courage & will"

Soviet, American and British negotiators initial the Limited Test Ban Treaty after intensive Moscow talks.

Performs electric material at Newport Folk Festival.

Visits Quebec & announces "Vive le Quebec", celebrating her centennial as a Dominion

The bombing of Laos is authorized

Acknowledges and authorizes strikes against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos

Finance Act 1969 implements further tax changes intended to restrain demand and strengthen the external accounts.

The nationalist campaign against the investiture results in an attempted bombing of the Royal Train by the Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru

Two bombers die when they try to bomb the Royal Train. The nationalist campaign against the investiture results in an attempted bombing of the Royal Train by the Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru

Announces the "Nixon Doctrine" in Guam

Sings on the debut album Yes, introducing the band's harmony-rich progressive approach.

Plays guitar on the debut Yes album before leaving during the next recording period.

Plays bass on the debut Yes album, establishing his bright and melodic bass style.

Nixon massively increases US aid for Israel, $634m in 1971, $93m in 1970 in line with the Nixon doctrine proclaimed in July 1969, providing military & economic assistance to local powers to maintain the "regional order"

States that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense, but that the US would aid in defense as requested.

The US will furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance with its Treaty commitments, they will look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.

The US will provide a shield if nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.

The United States will keep all of its Treaty commitments.

The doctrine is applied by the Nixon administration in the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these US allies could undertake the responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region.

Informs Judge John Sirica that he will not comply with the special prosecutor's tape subpoena, arguing that presidential materials are immune from compulsory process.

Delivers a nationally noted Judiciary Committee statement explaining the constitutional responsibility to judge evidence and determine whether Nixon committed impeachable offenses.

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy is elected unopposed and takes office as the sixth President of India.

ibn Shaker participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Giani Zail Singh takes office as the seventh President of India.

Walter Marshall estimates power stations can run until Nov 1985

Rock Hudson is hospitalized with AIDS

R. Venkataraman takes office as the eighth President of India.

Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made

Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made

Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy

Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy

Shankar Dayal Sharma takes office as the ninth President of India.

Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats

Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats

Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats

Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Jordans King Hussein sign a declaration at the White House ending their countries 46-year-old formal state of war

K.R. Narayanan takes office as the tenth President of India.

Appointed Prime Minister after the Socialist Party election victory

Appointed Prime Minister of Albania

Voters elected delegates to draft a new constitution.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is sworn in as President of India.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam becomes the eleventh President of India.

Pratibha Patil takes office as India's first woman President and the twelfth holder of the office.

Gaddafi receives President Nicolas Sarkozy and concludes bilateral cooperation agreements.

Supports an Arab League delegation promoting the Arab Peace Initiative in Israel.

Pranab Mukherjee takes office as the thirteenth President of India.

Opposition politician Mohamed Brahmi was assassinated, deepening the political crisis.

Parliamentary speaker Mohamed Ennaceur became interim president after Beji Caid Essebsi's death.

Holds phone call with Ukrainian President that later sparks impeachment inquiry.

Kais Saied suspended parliament, dismissed the head of government, and assumed emergency executive authority.

Burnham welcomes the Court of Appeal's rejection of challenges to bus franchising.

Tunisians voted in a referendum on a new constitution expanding presidential powers.

Resident doctors begin five days of industrial action after renewed disagreement over pay.

Birth of Arthur James Balfour, East Lothian

Birth of Phillip Scheidemann

Birth of Walter Brennan

Death of Constantius I, at Eburacum, York

Death of Edward Codrington

Death of Engelbert Dollfuss

Death of President Beji Caid Essebsi.

The Earl of Pembroke and his brother Sir Richard Herbert are captured and executed the following day

The rebels hurried south to meet with Warwick, bypassing the King but nearly colliding with Pembroke and Devon at Edgecote Moor, the two armies became aware of each other on 25 July and joined in battle early in the morning of the 26th. The Earl of Pembroke and his brother Sir Richard Herbert are captured and executed the following day

Monck breaks the Thames blockade defeating de Ruyter who loses about 20 ships

Drives of De Ruyter

Monck and Prince Rupert defeat the Dutch fleet near North Foreland.

Napoleon defeated an Ottoman landing force at Aboukir, securing a major French battlefield victory before his departure from Egypt.

Napoleon's 17 year old stepson fights at the Battle of Aboukir

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Leads a division at the Battle of Aoukir

Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of Aboukir

Leads the French left

Opens the attack by leading a cavalry charge. Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay. Accepts the surrender of the Turkish leader Mustapha Pasha

The French are defeated & lose 13 of their 17 ships. Nelson's 5 ships intercept the French at Aboukir Bay. Marches back to Egypt & rallies his forces to defeat the Turks

The Turks are defeated with 2,000 killed & 4,000 drowned, the French suffer 220 killed. Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo

Surrenders to Murat at the Battle of Aboukir & is arrested

Murat fights at the Battle of Ostrovno

Karl's Bavarian army fails to coordinate effectively with the VIII Federal Corps at Gerchsheim.

Manteuffel presses the federal forces eastward after the engagement at Helmstadt.

The Allies capture Fere Forest, La Croise Range, Oulchy-le-Chateau & Villemontoire. The Allies advance 2 miles

Crowned King at Aachen on the marble throne of Charlamagne

Coronation of James I, great grandson of James IV & Margaret Tudor