October 16 in History

Robert Aske leads the rebels into York as the movement becomes the largest rising of Henry VIII's reign.

The former Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, is arrested again after allegations of plotting against Northumberland and other councillors.

Is burned at the stake for Protestant beliefs.

Encourages Ridley with the famous candle speech.

Thomas Cranmer watches Ridley and Latimer burned at Oxford.

Latimer is burned with Nicholas Ridley at Oxford.

Burned at the stake with Nicholas Ridley.

Nicholas Ridley is burned at Oxford for Protestant beliefs

Ridley is burned at Oxford for Protestant doctrine.

Burned at the stake for Protestant doctrine.

Is executed beside Hugh Latimer outside Oxford city walls.

Executed for refusing to recant Protestant doctrine.

Hugh Latimer is burned alongside Ridley at Oxford.

Latimer encourages Ridley before their execution.

Hugh Latimer is burned with Nicholas Ridley at Oxford

His death becomes central to Protestant martyrology.

Dies refusing to accept Catholic doctrine on the mass.

Dies with Nicholas Ridley as one of the Oxford Martyrs.

Is burned with Hugh Latimer as one of the Oxford Martyrs.

Nicholas Ridley is burned for heresy at Oxford.

Helps capture Newcastle for the Parliamentarians

Commander of "Ironsides" during Parliaments capture of Newcastle

Lands at Fecamp near Rouen

Cook is executed for prosecuting Charles I before the High Court of Justice.

Executed after the Restoration for supporting the regicide cause.

An Allied force plunders Berlin

Vergniaud was elected vice-president of the Legislative Assembly as his influence among the left increased.

Marie-Antoinette was executed by guillotine.

The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine

The French raide the siege at Maubeuge as orderred by Carnot

Appointed General of the Division, provisional

Appointed General of the Division, provisional

Creates the Cispadine Republic

Napoleon arrived in Paris as the Directory faced military, political and financial instability.

Publishes an article responding to attacks on communism in the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.

Appointed Privy Counsellor

Appointed President of Ecuador

The abolitionist, John Brown, captures the Government arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Carden is appointed captain of HMS Magnificent, flagship of the Channel Squadron's second-in-command.

Oversees the naval programme as HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched.

Pygmalion receives its world premiere in a German translation.

Advances construction of a new oil-fired battleship class.

Introduces Shaw's drama concerning language, class and Eliza Doolittle.

Dismissed after the Dardanelles campaign, never given another command

Hamilton is relieved of command as the British government reassesses the failed Gallipoli strategy.

Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection

Serves in the committee as Bolshevik plans advance.

Approves the creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection. A Party Centre, headed by Stalin, is elected to direct the uprising

Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Allied forces capture Homs as the pursuit continues through Syria.

Publication of "Peoples Manifesto"

Hitler speaks for the 1st time in public & raises 300 Marks for the party funds

111 people attend a public NSDAP meeting at the Hofbraukeller

The fascist leadership agrees on a plan for insurrection

Article Eight establishes a League Council procedure governing any eventual termination of the pact.

Article Four requires an alleged violation of the pact or Rhineland clauses to be brought before the League Council.

The guarantor powers agree to assist the victim after the League Council determines that a covered violation has occurred.

Article One guarantees the territorial status quo on Germany's frontiers with France and Belgium.

Article Three requires unresolved German disputes with France and Belgium to be settled through peaceful procedures.

Article Two places the same non-aggression obligation on Belgium and Germany.

Article Two commits France and Germany not to attack, invade or resort to war against each other except under stated exceptions.

The main pact guarantees observance of Versailles Articles 42 and 43 governing the demilitarized Rhineland.

Vandervelde accepts the Rhineland Pact guaranteeing Belgium's frontier with Germany.

Vandervelde secures British and Italian guarantees of the Belgian-German frontier.

Vandervelde approves the bilateral arbitration convention governing disputes between Belgium and Germany.

Belgium accepts the mutual undertaking with Germany not to attack, invade or resort to war except under specified exceptions.

Beneš endorses the conference protocol that incorporates Czechoslovakia's separate agreement with Germany.

France accepts a separate arbitration convention requiring peaceful procedures for disputes with Germany.

Briand approves the five-power guarantee linking Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy.

Briand accepts a central League Council role in determining and responding to breaches of the western guarantee.

Britain agrees that an unmistakable act of aggression in the demilitarized zone can trigger assistance before a final League ruling.

Chamberlain commits Britain to guarantee the western frontier settlement negotiated between Germany, France and Belgium.

Chamberlain accepts the League Council's role in determining whether a treaty breach has occurred.

Chamberlain supports the Locarno settlement as a means of strengthening European security and League diplomacy.

Chamberlain supports judicial, conciliation and League procedures for disputes not resolved by ordinary diplomacy.

Chamberlain initials the final protocol linking the seven Locarno agreements into a single diplomatic settlement.

Chamberlain supports the arbitration conventions and treaties that accompany the main Rhineland Pact.

Other disputes can be submitted to conciliation, with unresolved questions then going to the League Council.

Beneš accepts that Czechoslovakia's German border is handled through arbitration rather than the five-power Rhineland guarantee.

Beneš accepts a treaty requiring structured conciliation or adjudication when normal diplomacy cannot resolve a dispute with Germany.

Article Nine states that British dominions and India are not bound unless their governments accept the treaty.

France keeps its separate commitment to assist Czechoslovakia while joining the western Locarno framework.

Briand ensures that the western pact does not cancel France's security commitments toward Poland.

Beneš retains French backing for Czechoslovak security while accepting arbitration as the principal Locarno mechanism with Germany.

Skrzyński leaves Locarno with Poland's bilateral ties to France intact despite the absence of an eastern territorial guarantee.

Briand joins the final protocol's commitment to cooperate with League efforts toward a general disarmament agreement.

Stresemann accepts a treaty guaranteeing Germany's existing western boundaries with France and Belgium.

Germany accepts that the Locarno guarantee also covers the Versailles provisions governing the demilitarized Rhineland.

Stresemann agrees to a separate Czechoslovak dispute procedure based on conciliation and adjudication without guaranteeing the eastern frontier.

Stresemann accepts compulsory peaceful procedures for disputes with France and Belgium that diplomacy cannot settle.

The German delegation accepts a bilateral mechanism sending unresolved Polish-German legal disputes to arbitration or judicial settlement.

Italy accepts emergency action when a clear treaty violation creates an immediate military danger to another signatory.

Scialoja accepts the procedures giving the League Council a central role in determining treaty breaches.

Italy also becomes a guarantor of Belgium's security against a prohibited German attack across their common border.

Mussolini accepts an Italian obligation to support the settlement fixing the western boundary between France and Germany.

Scialoja signs the Rhineland Pact for Italy, which joins Britain as an external guarantor of the western settlement.

Disputes involving conflicting claims of legal rights are to be submitted for judicial decision.

The pact preserves action taken under Article 16 of the League Covenant as an exception to the non-aggression undertaking.

The pact allows action resulting from specified decisions of the League Assembly or Council.

The pact permits legitimate defence against aggression or an immediately dangerous flagrant breach of the Rhineland demilitarization clauses.

Briand joins the other delegates in approving the final protocol and interdependent Locarno agreements.

Locarno helps clear the diplomatic path for Germany's eventual admission to the League of Nations.

Luther joins the other delegates in initialling the final protocol that links the Locarno agreements together.

Skrzyński fails to obtain the same territorial guarantee for Poland that France and Belgium receive in the west.

Skrzyński approves the arbitration treaty establishing peaceful procedures for Polish-German disputes.

Scialoja initials the final protocol for Italy at the conclusion of the conference.

Skrzyński approves the conference protocol recording Poland's arbitration settlement and related security arrangements.

Stresemann initials the final protocol and accepts the package of western guarantees and arbitration agreements.

Vandervelde initials the final protocol on behalf of Belgium.

In a BBC radio broadcast calls Labours policies "Bolshevism run mad"

The Ruijing base is abandoned & the Long March begins. 80,000 communists troops are pursued by 400,000 strong army of nationalists

Commander in Chief of the Communist forces

Begins a withdrawal after defeats by the Nationalists to the province of Shensi

Mao begins a 12 month long march to establish a new base in northern China at Yennan

1st air attack on British territory

1st air attack on British territory

Defends the Gustav line from Minturno to Cassino

Forced to withdraw 15 miles north of the Volturno Line

Launches an offensive to cut off the 1st Panzer Army in the Dnieper Rive

Vatutin launches a 4 day breakout from the Burkin bridgehead south of Kiev

The German 15th army is encircled in the Beveland peninsula. Liberated by the Canadian 2nd Division

Mikolajczyk protests Molotov's assertion that Roosevelt had accepted the Curzon Line at Tehran and seeks clarification of the American position.

Seals the German 15th army in the Beveland Peninsula

Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury

Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury

Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury

Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury

Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes

Executed for planning a war of aggression, war crimes & crimes against humanity

1st of the condemned Nazis to hang at Nuremberg

Found guilty of war crimes & crimes against humanity & hanged

Jodl is hanged after conviction for conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Found guilty of 3 war crimes & 4 crimes against humanity

Found guilty of war crimes & crimes against humanity & hanged

The government announces the end of major organised communist resistance.

16-26 October, the United Nations forces at Inchon are moved to the east coast as far as Wonsan

Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated while addressing a public meeting in Rawalpindi.

The assassination ends Liaquat Ali Khan's four-year premiership.

Delivers his defence speech after the Moncada attack.

Delivers his History Will Absolve Me defence speech at trial.

Protestant commemorations mark four hundred years since Latimer's execution.

Oswald arrived in Moscow on October 16, 1959, and registered at the Hotel Berlin as a student.

Intourist assigned Rima Shirokova as Lee's Moscow guide shortly after his arrival, and she assisted him with Soviet authorities.

Ball joined the first senior discussions and examined diplomatic consequences of attacking Soviet missile installations in Cuba.

Bundy informed Kennedy at 8:45 a.m. that a major international crisis had developed.

Dillon joined the crisis deliberations and supported careful evaluation of the economic and political consequences of military action.

Kennedy convened his principal advisers at 11:45 a.m. to examine the missile evidence and possible responses.

Kennedy ordered continued secrecy while advisers studied the risks of surprise attack, quarantine, and invasion.

Kennedy ordered that the discovery of Soviet missiles remain secret while his advisers evaluated military and diplomatic options.

Robert Kennedy participated in the secret advisory meetings that later became known as ExComm.

Robert Kennedy joined the first crisis discussions and questioned the political and moral consequences of a surprise attack on Cuba.

Lundahl briefed Kennedy directly on the U-2 photographs and explained how analysts identified the Soviet missile equipment.

McNamara discussed military options including surveillance, quarantine, air strikes, and invasion.

Rusk joined discussions of diplomatic, political, and military responses to the Soviet deployment.

Taylor and the Joint Chiefs developed plans for attacks against missile sites and other military targets.

After learning that U-2 photography confirmed Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba, McCone returned to Washington and remained there through the crisis.

Oswald began work at the Texas School Book Depository on October 16, 1963, filling customer book orders for $1.25 an hour.

Through Ruth Paine Oswald found a job filling book orders at the Texas School Book Depository, where he started work on October 16

Healey enters Harold Wilson's cabinet as Secretary of State for Defence.

China conducts its first nuclear test at Lop Nur and becomes the fifth nuclear-weapon state.

China tests its first atomic bomb using uranium programme infrastructure.

After China conducted its first atomic test, McCone emphasized the importance of technical collection and strategic estimates for tracking the emerging Chinese nuclear capability.

Healey joins Harold Wilson’s Cabinet as Secretary of State for Defence.

Appointed Foreign Minister

Appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government in Harold Wilson's first government.

China successfully tests its own atomic bomb, becomes the world's 5th nuclear power

Wilson enters office and reviews inherited nuclear policy including Polaris

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, first term

Anti-war rallies occur in 40 U.S. cities and in international cities including London & Rome

The achievement marks caspian sea monster as an important Russian scientific milestone.

Directs the first flight of the large KM ground-effect vehicle.

Controls a brief Service Propulsion System firing to test minimum-impulse performance.

Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech

Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech

Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech

Invokes the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.

Tries to persuade Egypt to accept a ceasefire as Israeli forces prepare to cross the Suez Canal.

Visits Cairo to press for a ceasefire after Israel gains the initiative.

Receives Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin during ceasefire diplomacy.

The Lars Korvald Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Named co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for Vietnam negotiations

Refuses the Nobel Peace Prize awarded for Vietnam negotiations

Takes command responsibilities on the Second Army front during the Israeli crossing crisis.

Begins the Second Trygve Bratteli Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Establishes a bridgehead near Deversoir across the Suez Canal.

Helps coordinate the Israeli crossing operation on the Suez Canal front.

Israeli tanks cross the Suez Canal during the counteroffensive against Egypt.

His forces cross the Suez Canal during the Israeli counteroffensive.

Israeli forces cross the Suez Canal and begin threatening Egyptian rear areas.

Israeli tanks under Sharon cross the Suez Canal and begin to threaten the rear of Egyptian forces.

Elected by the College of Cardinals, in the Eighth round

Inaugurated Pope

Appointed Pope, the 1st non-Italian pontiff since 1523. Appointed Pope, at 58 the youngest Pope in 132 yrs

Pit supervisors vote to strike

Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference. 16-23 October, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's conference

Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference. 16-23 October, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's conference

Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference

The Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the Jan P. Syse Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Appointed Prime Minister of Norway

Stolojan forms a government following Petre Roman's resignation.

Sergey Tereshchenko becomes Prime Minister during the independence transition

Represents Denmark as European leaders address public confidence, subsidiarity and the continuing Maastricht ratification problem.

Answers Commons questions concerning coordination of departmental priorities.

A new constitution comes into effect

Galileo passes about 184 kilometres above Io during a late-mission encounter focused on volcanic and plasma activity.

Makes his competitive first-team debut as a substitute against Espanyol.

The Second Jens Stoltenberg Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the Erna Solberg Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Tanvir leads Hubble observations of the optical counterpart to the neutron-star merger GW170817, linking gravitational waves with a kilonova.

Declares emergency measures during pro-democracy protests.

Razzaz participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

ONS reports annual CPI inflation of 1.7 percent for September 2024.

Presents a five-point Victory Plan to the Verkhovna Rada.

Birth of James II

Birth of James Thomas Brudenell

Birth of Michael John ("Mick") Collins

Birth of Angela Brigid Lansbury

Death of Hugh Latimer, burned at Oxford.

Dies during the Marian persecution of Protestants.

Death of Nicholas Ridley, burned at Oxford.

Dies before the final peace with the Ottoman Empire

Dies while travelling near Jassy during the Russo-Turkish War

The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine. Death of Marie-Antoinette, executed by the guillotine

The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine. Death of Marie-Antoinette, executed by the guillotine.

Alfred Jodl dies at Nuremberg after execution by hanging.

Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes

1st of the condemned Nazis to hang at Nuremberg

Death of Wilhelm Heitel, executed for war crimes

Liaquat Ali Khan dies from gunshot wounds after the Rawalpindi attack.

Pakistan mourns Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan after his assassination.

Death of Moshe Dayan

Death of Ferenc Puskas Biro

Death of Deborah Kerr

The French raide the siege at Maubeuge as orderred by Carnot

Defeated by the French

Driven back by the French under Jourdan

Drives back Prince Saxe-Coburg & forces the Austrians to abandon the siege of Maubeuge

Russia joins Prussia, Austria and other allies in defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.

To the North, the unexpected arrival of Bluchers Army of Silesia ties down French reserves badly needed for the French main effort. Leads the Prussian forces at the Battle of Leipzig

This record states: In total, the French have around 190,000 soldiers and the Allies almost 330,000 with both sides having significant artillery, there were over two and a half thousand pieces of ordnance on the field.

This record states: The Battle beginswith an attack by 78,000 Allied troops from the south and 54,000 from the north, with Napoleon using the bulk of his army in the south.

This record states: The allied offensives achieve little and are soon forced back, but Napoleon's outnumbered forces are unable to break the allied lines, resulting in a hard fought stalemate.