August 1 in History

Upon Justins death Justinian becomes the sole sovereign

The Salisbury gathering emphasizes that major landholders owe allegiance to William regardless of intermediate feudal relationships.

On Lammas Day William I summons 170 of his tenants-in-chief and other landowning men of any account to Old Sarum, where they all swore allegiance in person to him and to be faithful against all other men, this establishes feudalism

William summons leading landholders to Old Sarum, where they swear loyalty directly to him.

Captured by his uncle King John of England during the Battle of Mirabeau

Captures Arthur & other rebel Barons. Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose

Captures Arthur & other rebel Barons

John raises a siege & rescues his mother Queen Eleanor

"Let us commend our souls to God, because our bodies are theirs"

King Edward's supporters succesfully disband Simon de Montforts forces at Kenilworth

Moving off on 1 August, the army marched south to the River Seine, possibly intending to attack Paris. The English army crossed the Seine at Poissy; however it was now between the Seine and the Somme rivers. Philip moved off with his army, attempting to entrap and destroy the English force

Henrys cousin leads a plot to assasinate the King and replace him Earl March. Earl March betrays the plotters to the King

Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor

Sets sail from Harfleur, his fleet carries 2,000 French mercenaries

Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor

Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor

Assassinated by a Dominican monk, Henry is the last of the Valois line

Assassinated by a Dominican monk, Henry is the last of the Valois line

After Henrys assassination Paris suffers a 4 year siege

Ireton's Heads of the Proposals are advanced as the Army leadership's constitutional settlement, aiming to restore Charles I under limited monarchy while protecting Parliament and the Army

Cromwell supports the Heads of the Proposals as a moderate Army settlement that would preserve limited monarchy while securing parliamentary and religious safeguards

Fairfax's Army leadership approves the completed Heads of the Proposals as the New Model Army's official basis for a national settlement

His army abandons the failed siege of Londonderry

A 15 week siege of Londonderry by James IIs Irish-French army ends in failure

Begins the operation that captures Gibraltar.

Takes refuge in Ottoman territory after the Poltava disaster.

Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.

The Elector of Hanover is proclaimed George I 18 hrs after Annes death

Succeeds to the throne of Great Britain, does not speak English. Anne dies without an heir

Declared King on the death of Queen Anne

Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.

Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.

Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.

Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden

Creates the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata which includes Paraguay.

Barnave supports adoption of a declaration that can teach citizens the principles of political liberty.

Castellane argues that fundamental rights and liberties should be defined and placed at the head of the constitution.

Malouet argues that public order should be restored before the Assembly adopts an abstract declaration of rights.

Mounier remains cautious about issuing a declaration before the constitutional framework has been fully designed.

Barnave was elected mayor of Grenoble while remaining an influential deputy in the National Assembly.

Finds the French fleet at anchor in Aboukir Bay.

Commands from HMS Vanguard during the Battle of the Nile.

Threats of Irish rebellion & French invasion convince Pitt that union is essential

Lands in Mondego Bay, Portugal

Lands in Mondego Bay, Portugal

Proclaimed King of Naples

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, prohibits Catholic clergy from assuming territorial titles

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia

Is promoted to Ministerialrat, strengthening his senior position within the Bavarian Interior Ministry.

The Old Age Pensions Act creates non-contributory pensions for eligible elderly people.

The three travellers arrive exhausted after severe cold and storms.

Wilson, Bowers and Cherry-Garrard reach Cape Evans after five weeks of winter travel and severe exposure.

Wilson returns exhausted to Cape Evans after five weeks of severe winter travel from Cape Crozier.

Returns to Cape Evans after the winter journey to Cape Crozier.

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Germany declares war on Russia

Germany declares war on Russia

Handed a written declaration of war from the German Ambassador Count Portales

Declares war on his cousin Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

Commands the 48th Infantry Division after war begins.

Germany declares war on Russia. Demands that France abandon the Francon alliance

"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"

"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"

The Endurance sails from the Thames for the expedition to reach the South Pole

Condemns the First World War as an imperialist conflict.

Opposes defensist socialism after war begins.

Sees Russia enter war after warning against reckless conflict.

Criticises the conduct of the Somme offensive while out of ministerial office.

Requests, via Chicherin, Germany to help against the counter-revolutionaries

Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees

Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees

Issues secret orders for the Palestine Offensive

Overthrown from power

Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India"

Sweeps away committees & establishes the "leadership principle"

Sweeps away committees & establishes the "leadership principle"

The CCP decides to collaborate with the Kuomingtang, the Nationalist Party of China

Nanchang is captured by Chou En-Lai. Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang

Considerred by the Communists to be the 1st day of the civil war

Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang

Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang

Takes part in the Nanchang rebellion in support of Chou En-lai

Takes part in the Nanchang rebellion in support of Chou En-lai

Birth of the Red Army

Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang

Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang

Moves to Bavaria as Austrian Nazi activity is restricted.

Leaves Austria after the Nazi Party is suppressed.

A law is passed combining the offices of "Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor" with President

Jodl is promoted to Colonel while serving in the Reich War Ministry.

Mussolini sends airplanes in support of the rebels

France & Britain found the Committee of Non-Intervention

Orders continued preparations against a possible German landing.

Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"

Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"

Confirms Russias neutrality

Hitler gives the Luftwaffes Commander in Chief, Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Goring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) a (Directive No. 17) to launch the air assault

Hitler gives the Luftwaffes Commander in Chief, Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Goring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) a (Directive No. 17) to launch the air assault

Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"

Issues a directive for launching Operation Sea Lion

Signs jointly with Hitler the directive for authorizing Operation Sea Lion

Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"

The OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or "High Command of the Armed Forces") issues its plan

Appointed Brigadier General

Becomes chairman of the National Government during the wartime period.

Patton captures Avranches

Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army

Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army

Appointed Commander of the First Army

Appointed Commander of the US First Army

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Appointed Major General

Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw

Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw

Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support

Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group

Legislation places uranium and atomic energy under civilian control.

Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act establishing civilian control through the new Atomic Energy Commission.

The new commission controls uranium production and nuclear materials.

Signs the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act transferring the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands, effective from January 1, 1947

The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic

The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic

The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic

The Bled Agreement supports the unification of Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and the return of Western Outlands to Bulgaria

The Bled agreement was accepted with the Treaty on Friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of Bulgaria, signed and published in Evksinograd

The Yugoslav Government negotiates in the conference of Bled that Bulgaria will waive $25 million in war damages owed by Yugoslavia

The first time that Bulgaria recognizes Ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian language

The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic

The Yugoslav Government negotiates in the conference of Bled that Bulgaria will waive $25 million in war damages owed by Yugoslavia

The treaty contains: several of the Agreement on economic cooperation, on customs facilitation, agreement for preparation of a customs union, the facilitation of border crossings, border crossing on the border of population and of the citizenship between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria

The Bled agreement was accepted with the Treaty on Friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of Bulgaria, signed and published in Evksinograd

Becomes West Germany's 1st President

Wins elections to the 1st Bundestag, lower House of the Federal Assembly. CDU 139 seats, SPD 131 seats

Appointed President of Germany

Leopolds return threatens civil war. Leopold abdicates in favour of his son Prince Baudouin

57% vote for Leopolds restoration in a referendum

Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

The United States Information Agency begins operations as the administration consolidates overseas information programs.

Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Dulles urges Britain and France to pursue negotiation rather than immediate military action.

Meets British and American representatives after the canal nationalization to discuss an international response.

Begins the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums

The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums

The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums

The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums

Completes the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

The state adopts the name Democratic Republic of the Congo under the new constitution.

Completes the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the Fourth Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Kasa-Vubu promulgates a federal constitution expanding provincial powers and executive institutions.

Buys Pal Recording Studio from Paul Buff and renames the facility Studio Z.

Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the July 1966 counter-coup

Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.

Louisiana prosecutors moved on August 1, 1967, to have a trial date selected in the case against Shaw.

Completes the Fourth Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Performs at the Concert for Bangladesh at Madison Square Garden.

Invites Dylan to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh.

Helps identify and collect the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock.

Works with Scott at Spur Crater when the crew collects the anorthosite sample known as the Genesis Rock.

Collects the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock during exploration near Spur Crater.

A twenty-five-thousand-dollar cashier's check intended for Nixon's campaign is traced into the bank account of a Watergate burglar.

Records show private contributions totaling about eighty-nine thousand dollars moving through Nixon reelection committee accounts later scrutinized during the Watergate investigation.

Campaign finance records bearing Sloan's authorization help investigators trace contributions and checks that later became associated with Watergate financing.

Campaign-related checks are traced through a Miami company account controlled by Barker, strengthening investigators' interest in the financing of the Watergate operation.

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

A $25,000 cashier's check, apparently earmarked for the Nixon campaign, wound up in the bank account of a Watergate burglar, The Washington Post reports

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.

Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.

However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan

Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.

The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.

The Washington Post links Watergate & the Committee for Re-election of the President

Appointed Head of State for the GDR

Lennon releases "Walls and Bridges", a duet with Elton John on the #1 hit "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", the album is released under the name "the Plastic Ono Band". John Lennon records his Walls and Bridges album, he claims to have written ten of the songs in a single week

Lennon releases "Walls and Bridges", a duet with Elton John on the #1 hit "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", the album is released under the name "the Plastic Ono Band". John Lennon records his Walls and Bridges album, he claims to have written ten of the songs in a single week

The Treaty of Helsinki establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe

Declaration of Helsinki establishes the Conf on Security & Co-operation in Europe

The Declaration covers human rights

The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. Declaration of Helsinki establishes the Conf on Security & Co-operation in Europe

Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms

Signs the Helsinki Final Act with leaders of thirty-four other participating states.

The Bill for controlling inflation & pay increases receives the Royal Assent

The Declaration covers human rights

The Declaration covers human rights. Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms

Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms

The Declaration covers human rights

The Bill for controlling inflation & pay increases receives the Royal Assent

The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. The Declaration covers human rights

Accepts principles on sovereign equality, territorial integrity and the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Endorses provisions on economic, scientific, technological and environmental cooperation.

Joins Western and Eastern leaders in using the CSCE process to support détente in Europe.

Signs the Helsinki Final Act for the United Kingdom at the close of the CSCE summit.

Supports human rights and fundamental freedoms as part of the Helsinki settlement.

The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. The Declaration covers human rights

Completes the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa, Rhodesia is the main subject. 1-8 August, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference at Lusaka

1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa, Rhodesia is the main subject. 1-8 August, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference at Lusaka

Releases Ashes to Ashes, revisiting Major Tom and becoming a major UK number one single.

Hosts the 1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa

Hosts the 1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa

Sees the Employment Act receive Royal Assent.

Begins the first stage of Conservative trade union law reform.

Completes the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.

Initial informal talks between Cambodian factions begin

Hun Sen remains Prime Minister as negotiations with resistance factions develop

The Taylor Report, names the cause as failure of police control, and results in the conversion of many football stadiums in the United Kingdom to all-seater and the removal of barriers at the front of stands. Lord Justice Taylors interim report commissioned by the Government largely blames South Yorkshire police for the failure of control. An interim report is published in August 1989

Negotiations fail to resolve territorial, oil and debt disputes.

Participates in last-minute talks with Kuwait before the invasion.

Begins three Knebworth concerts that draw a record-breaking audience across the weekend.

Succeeds to the throne upon the death of his half-brother, King Fahd

Castro delegates his duties as President of the Council of state, President of the Council of Minister's, First Secretary of the Cuban Communist Party and the post of commander in chief of the armed forces to his brother and First Vice President, Rapounds l

Gono introduces a redenominated currency that removes three zeros.

Zimbabwe removes three zeros from its currency during continuing inflation.

Castro hands over power to his brother Raul after undergoing intestinal surgery

The Iraqi Consensus Front, the largest Sunni faction in Prime Minister Nuri al-Malikis cabinet, resigns, citing the Shiite-led Governments failure to stem violence by militias, follow through with reforms, and involve Sunnis in decisions on securit

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi succeeds Nawaz Sharif as Prime Minister.

Scores both Arsenal goals as the club come from behind to defeat Chelsea 2-1 in the FA Cup final.

Guides Arsenal to FA Cup victory over Chelsea.

Completes a domestic league and cup double.

Guides FC Porto to victory in the Portuguese Cup final.

Min Aung Hlaing becomes Prime Minister of the caretaker government

Ahmed Hachani became head of government of Tunisia.

Announces a major prisoner exchange with Russia.

Defends Russia's war aims in international diplomacy.

Birth of Pertinax, later emperor during the Year of Five Emperors.

Andrew Melville is born at Baldovie and later becomes a major Scottish Presbyterian scholar and reformer.

Birth of Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, born in Ugbrooke, the son of Hugh Clifford of Chudleigh, Devon

Death of Henry III, assassinated

Death of Anne

Calls for harsh measures to restore discipline at the front.

Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Death of Corazon Aquino

Captured by his uncle King John of England during the Battle of Mirabeau. After the Battle of Mirabeau rumour circulates that, drunk & possessed, John had slain Arthur & thrown his body into the Seine

Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose

John captures over 200 knights & all the leaders of the rebellion, including Arthur and Hugh le Brun

John speeds south to surprise the rebels unprepared outside Mirabeau, not a single rebel escaped. John captures over 200 knights & all the leaders of the rebellion, including Arthur and Hugh le Brun. Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose

Leads the English forces to victory against the French

Defeats Simon de Montforts troops on their way to support his father near Worcester

Commands French troops supporting the Imperial army against the Ottomans.

Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden. Contades advances but does not get the expected support from de Broglie & retreats. Commands the French army during a defeat at Minden

Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden. Defeats the French during the Allies attempt to reopen communications with Hanover. Commands the British, Hanoverian, Hessian & Prussian army

Suvarov advances & forces the Turks to withdraw to the Danube. Helps defeat the Turks in Moldova & Wallachia

Helps defeat the Turks in Moldova & Wallachia

Suvarov advances & forces the Turks to withdraw to the Danube

Commands the French fleet defeated at the Battle of the Nile.

Nelson destroyed much of the French fleet at Aboukir Bay, leaving Napoleon's expedition isolated from France by sea.

Wins a decisive victory over the French fleet at the Nile.

United States forces defeat Californio forces near the San Gabriel River

Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"

The OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or "High Command of the Armed Forces") issues its plan

Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"

Great grandson of James I & son of the 1st Elector of Hanover