December 1 in History

Philip IV captures Poitou

All Irish laws must be approved by the Privy Council

Passes Poynings Law in the Irish Parliament

Begins negotiations after heavy losses on both sides

Somerset is acquitted of high treason but convicted of felony after a trial at Westminster Hall.

Executed after being falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I

St Edmund Campion is executed when falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I

Executed after being falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I

Asked by Parliament to defend German Protestants

Asked by Parliament to find a Protestant wife for the Prince of Wales

The Holy Office permits Galileo to return to his villa at Arcetri while maintaining restrictions on his contacts and scientific discussion.

Is killed during the Portuguese coup against Spanish rule

Loses Portugal when the Braganza revolt proclaims John IV king

Hopton joins the deputation carrying the Remonstrance to the King.

A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.

A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.

Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.

Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.

The Army siezes Charles I

Cromwell sells Hyde Park to 3 buyes for œ17,000, an entrance fee is required

The Spanish testament naming Philip of Anjou is debated at Versailles amid fears of a European war.

Joins up with the remnants of Brunswicks troops, takes the offensives & marches east

George III becomes patron of the Royal Academy of Arts

Threatens to stop all Colonial exports to Britain. Signs a measure barring the importation of slaves

Mans the 1st manned hydrogen balloon flight

Junot captures Lisbon

Junot captures Lisbon

Informs Belgium that it has no claim to Luxemburg. Informs Belgium any threat to Luxemburg will justify intervention of the German States

Publishes a Tribune article on Kossuth, Mazzini and the politics surrounding Louis Napoleon.

Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony

Is promoted to Oberregierungsrat in the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.

Is captured after the rebellion fails.

Greek royalist troops attack an Allied landing party

Joins anti-Bolshevik officers gathering around Alekseev.

Outlaws the Cadet Party

Represents American military interests in Allied planning.

Represents Italy after being removed from field command.

Takes command in Italy as the council reviews the Italian front.

Serves as French military representative to the council.

Faces new Allied scrutiny through the council's strategic reviews.

Represents Wilson's views during early Supreme War Council sessions.

Represents British headquarters concerns in Allied planning debates.

Resists full amalgamation of American troops into Allied armies.

Coordinates French army concerns with the new Allied planning body.

Serves as British military representative at Versailles.

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government

Proclaims union of Transylvania with Romania.

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government

Ferdinand returns to Bucharest as the union of Romanian provinces is proclaimed.

The South-Western Caucasian Democratic Republic is proclaimed in Kars

Vaida-Voevod forms the first government strongly representing Transylvanian politicians.

Baldwin supports the formal London signing that completes the agreements negotiated at Locarno.

Vandervelde adds Belgium's signature at the London ceremony, completing its participation in the Rhineland security system.

Briand joins the other principal delegates in London for the formal signing of the Locarno agreements.

Chamberlain signs in London as Britain's plenipotentiary, formally binding the government to the western guarantee.

Stresemann signs the Locarno agreements in London at the formal ceremony on 1 December 1925.

Briand formally signs the Rhineland Pact on behalf of France at the London ceremony.

Scialoja formally signs the Locarno instruments for Italy at the London ceremony.

The Locarno agreements are formally signed in London.

Chamberlain attends the formal London signing ceremony for the agreements negotiated at Locarno.

Takes over the publications of Gregor Strasser including the NS-Briefe

Appointed Propagandist by Hitler, separates him from Gregor Strasser & wins his loyalty

Marries Soong Mei-ling in Shanghai, strengthening his ties to the influential Soong family.

The NSDAP becomes the party of the state

Gains institutional importance as the Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State binds the NSDAP to the German state.

Approves the law declaring the Nazi Party and state inseparable, formalising one-party rule after the destruction of opposition.

Assassination by Stalins men is used by Stalin to begin his party purges

The assassination of Kirov sparks off purges in Russia

Appointed Member of Deathshead Formation (Totenkopf Verband)

The Second Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the First Beran Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Reviews air defence shipping losses and imperial commitments.

Appointed Commander of Army Group South

Appointed Commander of Army Group South

Relieved of his command by Hitler due to his disagreement over strategy

Russian prisoners amount to 3,806,865; the number of tanks destroyed or captured 21,391, guns, 32,541 & aeroplanes, 17,322

The remains of 3 panzer groups are forced to continue against the Russian resistance

Supports ambitious implementation of postwar social reform.

Publishes Social Insurance and Allied Services.

Beveridge proposes comprehensive social insurance against major causes of poverty.

Calls for comprehensive health services in postwar reconstruction.

Frames Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness as postwar challenges.

The Beveridge scheme for compulsory social insurance is announced

Stalin says he could accept the Curzon Line as the Soviet-Polish frontier if the Soviet Union receives northern East Prussia including Konigsberg.

Brooke's delegation joins the agreement to coordinate deception plans intended to mislead Germany about forthcoming operations.

Churchill commits Britain to respect Iran's political independence and territorial integrity after wartime cooperation.

Molotov tells the Allied leaders that the Soviet frontier established in 1939 is, in his view, essentially the Curzon Line.

Roosevelt signs the declaration supporting Iran's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Stalin joins the final discussions as the three powers complete their military conclusions and political declarations.

Roosevelt meets Churchill, Stalin and senior advisers for the final day of conference negotiations.

Stalin participates in the final negotiating sessions as the three governments complete their agreements.

Roosevelt agrees the final communiqué with Churchill and Stalin after the last conference discussions.

Churchill joins prolonged final discussions covering military conclusions and political declarations.

Churchill accepts the agreed plan for Overlord in 1944 together with a supporting operation against southern France.

Roosevelt accepts the coordinated plan for Overlord and a supporting operation against southern France in 1944.

Roosevelt confirms agreement that Operation Overlord will be launched in May 1944.

Stalin discusses moving Poland's eastern frontier toward the Curzon Line while compensating Poland with territory farther west.

Roosevelt opens the Tehran political discussion by hoping Polish-Soviet relations can be restored before final decisions on disputed frontier questions.

Eden challenges Molotov's claim that the 1939 Soviet frontier and the Curzon Line are identical, noting meaningful differences between them.

Churchill asks Stalin for a workable frontier formula that Britain could take back to the Polish Government in London.

Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender. Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans return to its 1894 boundaries

Churchill accepts a supporting operation against southern France, subject to the availability of landing craft.

Stalin accepts the tripartite pledge preserving Iran as a sovereign state after the war.

Stalin states that the Soviet Union would enter war with Bulgaria if Bulgaria attacked Turkey after Turkish entry against Germany.

Stalin confirms Soviet support for Overlord and promises a major Soviet offensive to help prevent German reinforcement of France.

Stalin confirms that Soviet forces will attack around the time of Overlord to hinder German troop transfers westward.

Churchill leaves the summit with agreement on coordinated 1944 operations and continued three-power cooperation.

Churchill signs the declaration stating that the Allies have concerted their plans for the destruction of German forces.

Roosevelt signs the joint declaration confirming Allied agreement on coordinated military operations against Germany.

The conference concludes that American, British and Soviet military staffs should maintain close contact over forthcoming European operations.

Churchill joins the conclusion that Allied strategy would benefit if Turkey entered the war before the end of 1943.

Churchill proposes shifting Poland westward, compensating eastern territorial losses with German lands including parts of East Prussia and territory toward the Oder.

Stalin joins the agreement to provide Yugoslav Partisans with supplies, equipment and commando support.

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

The first Playboy magazine is published, Marilyn Monroe is on the cover

The first Playboy magazine is published, Marilyn Monroe is on the cover

The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest. Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that required her to give up her seat to a white man

Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that required her to give up her seat to a white man

The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest

The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest

Troops loyal to Mobutu capture Lumumba during his attempted journey eastward.

Senghor is re-elected under the strengthened presidential system

Raul Leoni won the presidential election and prepared to succeed Romulo Betancourt.

CIA introduced the President's Daily Brief for Lyndon Johnson, replacing earlier formats with a concise intelligence product tailored to his reading habits.

Reccommends to Johnson a diluted version of Bundys "just right" option

Rafael Caldera won a closely contested presidential election as the COPEI candidate.

Represents Germany as leaders open the Hague summit on completion, deepening and enlargement of the European Communities.

Represents Italy as Community leaders open the Hague summit on completion, deepening and enlargement.

Pompidou backed completion, deepening and enlargement of the Communities at the Hague summit.

Awarded the Order of Lenin for the sixth time.

Pioneer 10 begins returning Jupiter images surpassing the best Earth-based views then available.

Sings on Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, an album that broadens the band's arrangements and production.

Returns to Labour's front bench as the principal opposition spokesman on home affairs.

The monarchy is restored after the death of Franco

Hosts the European Council as leaders discuss direct elections, a common passport and Community representation at G7 summits.

Interviews the Sex Pistols on live television, triggering complaints and tabloid outrage.

Uses the television controversy to increase the Sex Pistols' notoriety and public profile.

Appears on the Today programme interview that turns the Sex Pistols into a national controversy.

Appears with the Sex Pistols on Thames Television's Today programme, where the band's language creates a national media controversy.

Formation of a solidarity front between Algeria, Libya, Southern Yemen & the PLO

Formation of a solidarity front between Algeria, Libya, Southern Yemen & the PLO

Exchanges notes bringing into force subsidiary arrangements implementing Japan's NPT safeguards agreement.

She's Not There and the Kicks EP enter the Official Singles Chart and reach the UK Top Forty.

Pen Sovan's position weakens before his removal from office

Vietnam launches major dry-season offensive against border bases

Barbed wire is removed from the border with West Germany and Austria. Barbed wire is removed from borders with West Germany. Barbed wire at the border with Austria is removed

The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined

The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined

The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined

Habre is deposed by Idriss Deby and flees to Senegal with $11 million

Habre is deposed by Idriss Deby and flees to Senegal with $11 million

The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum

The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum

Nazarbayev wins Kazakhstan's first presidential election

The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum

Wins 45% in the first round of the Presidential Elections in the Republic of Khakasiya

Appointed Foreign Minister

Sworn in as Prime Minister of Thailand, member of the New Aspiration Party

Appointed Minister of Finance

Otasevic begins serving as Bolivia's minister responsible for national defence.

Appointed Director General of the IAEA

Appoints Jenkins to chair the Independent Commission on the Voting System.

Is appointed to chair the Independent Commission on the Voting System.

Appointed Director General of the IAEA

Appointed chair of the Independent Commission on the Voting System.

Scores the decisive goal against Vasco da Gama as Real Madrid win the Intercontinental Cup.

Coaches Real Madrid to a 2-1 Intercontinental Cup victory over Vasco da Gama.

Pinochet is indicted for "kidnapping" 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case - Guzman advanced the charge of "kidnapping" as they were officially "disappeared:"

The NBER committee announces that the recession began in December 2007.

The treaty makes qualified-majority voting the standard procedure in additional Council decisions.

Brown's government implements the institutional changes created by the Treaty of Lisbon.

Obama announces deployment of 30,000 more US troops while pledging to begin withdrawals in 18 months

Serves as Foreign Minister as the Lisbon Treaty reforms become legally effective.

The treaty introduces a future double-majority system for qualified-majority voting.

Sarkozy welcomed the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and its institutional reforms.

The Treaty of Lisbon enters into force across the European Union.

The voting system requires support from a majority of European Union member states.

The treaty expands opportunities for national parliaments to examine European legislation.

The treaty establishes population and member-state thresholds for future Council majorities.

The treaty extends qualified-majority voting across additional European policy areas.

The Treaty of Lisbon comes into effect

Lisbon reforms take effect under Berlusconi, changing EU institutions, voting procedures and external representation.

Lisbon's institutional reforms become binding across the Union while Cowen serves as Taoiseach.

Heads the German government when the Treaty of Lisbon enters into force across the European Union.

Lisbon's institutional reforms become binding across the Union while Papandreou serves as Greek prime minister.

Research proposes that Pluto's nitrogen-rich Sputnik Planitia could have formed early and migrated as the dwarf planet's rotation evolved.

Launches the Prosperity Party to replace the EPRDF coalition.

BepiColombo completes its fifth Mercury flyby and passes the planet at a substantially higher altitude than earlier encounters.

Pardons his son Hunter Biden.

Birth of John Keill

Birth of Marie Tussaud

Birth of Alexndra

Birth of Carsten Borchgrevink

Birth of Ernst Toller

Birth of Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart Konigsberg)

Birth of Doors drummer John Densmore.

Birth of John Densmore

Death of Henry I, a gastric attack after eating lampreys

Death of Isabella of England, dies in childbirth along with her newborn child

Death of St Edmund Campion, executed

Dies at Taganrog after a sudden illness generally identified as typhus.

Death of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, assassinated

Death of David Ben-Gurion, Israels first Prime Minister

Death of David Ben-Gurion

Death of Stephane Grappelli

Pinochet is indicted for "kidnapping" 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case - Guzman advanced the charge of "kidnapping" as they were officially "disappeared:"

Death of George Harrison, from cancer

Directs cavalry attacks that help turn the Ottoman flank at Bashkadiklar.

Defeats a much larger Ottoman army at Bashkadiklar and captures numerous guns.

Commands Russian cavalry during the decisive victory at Bashkadiklar.

Leads Russian infantry in the hard fighting against Ottoman batteries at Bashkadiklar.

Serves among the senior Ottoman commanders during the defeat at Bashkadiklar.

Commands the Ottoman army defeated by Bebutov at Bashkadiklar near Kars.

Crowned Emperor of Brazil