January 18 in History

When the army grew dissatisfied with the behaviour of Roman Emperor Constans, it elevated Magnentius at Autun

Magnentius quickly attracts the loyalty of the provinces in Britannia, Gaul, and Hispania, in part because he proved to be far more tolerant towards both Christians and Pagans

Secures creation of new bishoprics at Vienna and Wiener Neustadt.

Taken from the Tower of London to marry Henry VII. Parliament itself, on behalf of the people, petitions Henry VII to carry out his promise to marry Elizabeth of York. Marries Henry VII, unites the Houses of Lancaster & York and unites rival Lancastrian & Yorkist factions. Honours a promise made to the Yorkists who defected from Richard III

Unites the Houses of Lancaster & York. Marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV

Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York, uniting the Tudor claim with the senior Yorkist line.

Pizarro founded the city of Lima in Perus central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life

Pizarro founded the city of Lima in Perus central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life

Preaches against negligent clergy and social injustice.

The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child

The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child

The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child

Pius IV reopens the final sessions of the Council of Trent

Recognizes the suzerainty of Moscow on behalf of the Cossack host

Accepts the Cossack submission to Moscow

The Cossack alignment with Moscow draws the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into war

Places the Cossack host under the protection of the Tsar

Accepts Cossack Ukraine under Russian protection

Becomes the first Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.

Crowns himself King in Prussia with imperial consent.

Frederick's coronation establishes the royal title King in Prussia.

Frederick publicly assumes the new royal dignity.

The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down

Kapodistrias arrives at Aegina and begins governing the emerging Greek state.

1st performance of, "Il Trovatore"

Publishes an article discussing a suppressed diplomatic dispatch associated with William Seward.

Declared Emperor of a united German Reich in the Galerie des Glaces in Versailles

Becomes Crown Prince of the new German Empire.

Proclaimed German Emperor while Frederick remains heir.

Declared Emperor of a united German Reich in the Galerie des Glaces in Versailles

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 4th term

Scheepers is executed by British authorities after his capture and conviction by court martial during the guerrilla war.

Is dismissed after the crisis caused by Bloody Sunday.

Allows the demonstration but forbids demonstrators to go near the Winter Palace

Dismissed as Minister of the Interior after demonstrations in Saint Petersburg

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary plans for the all-big-gun battleship that becomes HMS Dreadnought.

Appointed Governor General of Saint Petersburg

Is appointed governor general to restore order.

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary work on the fast armoured cruisers that become the Invincible class.

Appointed Minister of the Interior

Gives evidence at the Sydney St inquest

Scott examines Amundsen's tent and the records left by the Norwegian polar party before turning north.

The British team confirms the Norwegian expedition's earlier arrival.

Finds Amundsen's tent and evidence of Norwegian success.

Examines evidence left by Amundsen's party at the South Pole.

Organises the conference that creates a distinct Bolshevik party apparatus.

Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee.

Is co-opted into the Bolshevik Central Committee after Prague.

The Polar Party begins the roughly 800-mile return journey from the South Pole on 18 January.

Bowers photographs Scott's party and the polar camp before the five men begin their return journey.

Wilson sketches at the South Pole while the party records evidence of the Norwegian expedition.

Helps close the Cape Evans hut before departure.

Returns in Terra Nova for the expedition's final relief.

Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war. China must grant Japanese control over Manchuria & Shantung. China must cease leasing coastal ports. China must allow Japanese part ownership of its heavy industries. China must allow Japanaes "advisers" into every stratum of Government activity. China is forced to accept Japans 21 Demands

Endurance becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, ending the planned crossing of Antarctica

Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war

Elected Chairman of the Peace Conference

Trotsky breaks off the peace negotiations

Trotsky obtains a 10 day adjournment to return to Petrograd for further instructions. Hoffman demands the German occupation of Poland, Lithuania, White Russia & Latvia

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army

Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army

Consolidates the front during the retreat from Moscow

Links up with the Volkhov front to repel the Germans after their siege of Leningrad

Collapses & enters hospital suffering from exhaustion, depression & an inflamed knee

Frisch's Dragon experiment produces the first assembly made prompt critical by neutrons alone, using uranium hydride at Los Alamos.

Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh is recognized as the legitimate Government of Vietnam by China

Directs Die Sunderin, a controversial West German melodrama starring Hildegard Knef.

Communist forces capture Yijiangshan Island during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.

Lee reported to Camp Pendleton for further infantry training with A Company, First Battalion, Second Infantry Training Regiment.

Dulles establishes a specialised CIA branch to organise covert operations against Castro.

King oversees creation of a specialised CIA branch for covert operations against Castro.

McCone appeared before the Senate Armed Services Committee during consideration of his nomination as Director of Central Intelligence.

Resigns as Prime Minister of Australia

Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party

On the scheduled date of his perjury trial, Shaw sought a federal restraining order to stop Garrison from proceeding with the prosecution.

Israel and Egypt sign a weapons accord

Helps negotiate the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement after the war.

Helps mediate the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement after the October War.

Israel and Egypt sign a weapons accord

Withdraws subsidy cuts after widespread protests and rioting over food prices.

The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

IRA context for Roy Mason: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

IRA context for Roy Mason: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up

Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Local Government Finance (No. 2) Bill.

Publishes findings on the failure to anticipate invasion.

South Africa dissolves the National Assembly in Namibia & rules it from Pretoria

South Africa dissolves the National Assembly in Namibia & rules it from Pretoria

Reagan says the US will not take part in World Court ruling on Nicaraguan charges

Created a member of the Order of New Zealand (ONZ)

Winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year

Temporarily steps back from presidential duties during recovery.

Suffers a stroke that weakens his political position.

Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran

Iraq launches Scud missiles against Israel

Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran

Iraq launches Scud missiles at Israel in an effort to disrupt the coalition.

Shamir withholds immediate retaliation while consulting the United States and coalition governments.

Bush urges Israel not to retaliate and risk fracturing the Arab coalition.

Khalid coordinates air-defence measures as Iraqi Scud missiles threaten Saudi cities and bases.

Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Leads Commons proceedings on the Coal Industry Bill.

Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.

Konstantinos Simitis is selected to succeed Andreas Papandreou as Prime Minister.

The New National Party wins 62% of the vote, all 15 seats

United Nations supports completion of disarmament and transition from war

Kabbah formally declares Sierra Leone civil war over

Created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)

Calls for the British Government to contribute to the upkeep of Scotts and Shackletons huts

Bush proposes a $145 billion stimulus package, responding to a crisis in the housing market and rising oil prices, president says a combination of tax cuts for individuals and businesses will "provide a shot in the arm" to the economy

Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace. They will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country. Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace, they will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country

Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace, they will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country

Dies in a helicopter crash near Kyiv.

Leads analysis of independent 2018 EHT data that reproduces M87*'s ring and black hole shadow, confirming the feature's persistence.

Birth of Montesquieu

Birth of Robert Edward Lee

Birth of Edgar Allan Poe

Birth of Paul Cezanne

Birth of Paul Ehrenfest

The future creator of Winnie-the-Pooh is born in Kilburn.

Alan Alexander Milne is born in London.

Birth of Robert Anton Wilson

Birth of Simon Rattle

Birth of Peter Andrew Beardsley

The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down

The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down.

Death of Wallace Reid

Unexpected death of Gaitskell

Death of Wilfrid Brambell

Dies in New York, prompting major tributes to his role as Eagles co-founder and songwriter.

Dies in a helicopter crash near Kyiv.

Sophie Charlotte is crowned Queen in Prussia during the royal ceremony.

The Elector of Brandenburg crowns himself King in Prussia.

Frederick crowns himself King in Prussia at Konigsberg.