July 1 in History

Hailed Emperor by the Egyptian legions under Tiberius Alexander

After the Battle of Dorylaeum the Crusaders march on Syria

Captures Tiberias from the Crusaders after a 6 day siege

Created Lord of Lillebonne. Created Count of Harcourt

Additional arrests were made among the Augustinians in Antwerp. Two monks, Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, refused to recant; on 1 July 1523, they were burned at the stake in Brussels

Two of Luthers followers, Augustine monks from Antwerp, are burnt alive

He believed he could not be convicted unless he explicitly denied that the king headed the Church, so he refused to answer all questions.

Thomas Cromwell, the most powerful of the King's advisers, produces the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the Church.

Thomas More was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession.

Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors) but the King commutes this to execution by beheading

Thomas More is sentenced to the traitor's death of hanging, drawing and quartering.

Charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession, More believes he cannot be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the king was the head of the Church, and he therefore refuses to answer all questions

Indicted of High Treason at Westminster Hall & condemned to death

Richard Rich gives evidence that Thomas More denied Parliament's power to make Henry VIII head of the Church.

Thomas More argues that his silence should not be treated as treason against Henry VIII.

Thomas More is tried for high treason before a commission including Thomas Audley and the Duke of Norfolk.

Charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession, More believes he cannot be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the king was the head of the Church, and he therefore refuses to answer all questions

More is tried before a panel of judges that includes the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyns father, brother, and uncle.

Thomas Cromwell, the most powerful of the King's advisers, produces the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the Church.

Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors) but the King commutes this to execution by beheading. Indicted of High Treason at Westminster Hall & condemned to death. Before his sentencing, More speaks freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality"

The jury finds Thomas More guilty of high treason after a brief deliberation.

The Bishops of Salisbury & Worcester resign

Resigns after opposing the Act of Six Articles.

Resigns his bishopric rather than accept the Six Articles.

The treaty proposes marriage between Prince Edward and Mary Queen of Scots.

The agreement seeks a dynastic union between England and Scotland.

Henry VIII expects the Treaty of Greenwich to bring Scotland into a closer English political orbit.

The Treaty of Greenwich agrees peace and the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.

Accepts the proposed marriage between Mary and Prince Edward.

Third Succession Act restores Mary to the succession after Edward

England and Scotland sign treaties providing for peace and the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.

Agrees peace terms with England in the Treaty of Greenwich.

Agrees the Treaty of Greenwich with Scottish representatives.

The Treaty of Greenwich agrees peace and proposes the marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.

Henry VIII uses the treaty to seek a dynastic union between England and Scotland.

The Treaty of Greenwich is signed, proposing peace between England and Scotland.

The agreement seeks to end conflict after the Scottish defeat at Solway Moss.

The settlement is intended to bring Scotland into a closer English alliance after the death of James V.

The treaty arranges the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.

The treaty provides that Mary, Queen of Scots, will marry Henry VIII's son Edward when both are older.

Is formally promised in marriage to Prince Edward under the Treaty of Greenwich.

The Union of Lublin strengthens the Polishn Commonwealth by uniting Poland & Lithuania. The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania

Under the Union of Lublin the Monarch will govern with a common Senate and Parliament (the Sejm). The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania

Under the Union of Lublin the Monarch will govern with a common Senate and Parliament (the Sejm). The Union of Lublin strengthens the Polishn Commonwealth by uniting Poland & Lithuania. The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania

Promises James VI an annual Grant

Promised an annual Grant by Elizabeth I

Parliament appoints Warwick to command the fleet against royal instructions.

Rupert of the Rhine succesfully relieves York

The Cossacks make peace with Poland, Chmielnicki continues with a few followers

Created a baronet of East Hatley; Downing Street is later named after him.

William III of Orange personally directs operations as his army forces crossings of the Boyne and compels the Jacobite army to retreat.

Waldeck's Allied army is defeated by Luxembourg's double-flanking attack at Fleurus.

After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed

The army's surrender leaves Sweden without its main field force.

Charles XII reaches Bendery in Ottoman territory after escaping the Russian pursuit.

Charles XII and Ivan Mazepa escape to Ottoman territory after the Swedish defeat and the surrender at Perevolochna.

The surrender at Perevolochna destroys Charles XII's remaining field army after Poltava.

The remaining Swedish army surrenders after his escape.

The remaining Swedish army surrenders at Perevolochna after being pursued by Russian cavalry.

Publishes the first volume of the Encyclopedie with collaborators.

Organizes scientific, technical and philosophical knowledge for a broad readership.

The Corsican Convention dissolves Corsicas Primary Assembly. Corsica is split into 2 in order to reduce Paolis influence

The Corsican Convention dissolves Corsicas Primary Assembly. Corsica is split into 2 in order to reduce Paolis influence.

Lands in Egypt

The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces. Calls up the Constituent Assembly

The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces

The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces

Maidenhead Railway Bridge opens to traffic and vindicates Brunel's unusually flat arch design.

Bakht Khan reaches Delhi with rebel troops from Bareilly and assumes a leading military role in the city's defence.

Hydraulic jacks lift the first main truss to its final height about one hundred feet above the water.

The Pacific Railway Act supports construction of a transcontinental railroad with land and bonds.

Carol promulgates the liberal Constitution of 1866.

Becomes first prime minister as Confederation creates the Dominion of Canada.

Serves as governor general when Confederation begins.

Serves in the first federal cabinet after Confederation.

Serves as first finance minister after Confederation.

Wilhelm becomes federal president when the North German Confederation formally begins operating.

Dissolution of the Italian monasteries

Welcomes Prince Edward Island into Confederation.

Prince Edward Island joins the Dominion of Canada.

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appointed President of Ecuador

Fisher becomes Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet.

Umberto I is assassinated

Elected Member of Parliament for Oldham

Churchill claims "a seat lost to the Government is a seat gained to the Boers"

The final version of Symphony No 1 receives its first performance in Helsinki under Robert Kajanus.

Moor Street station opens to relieve congestion at Snow Hill.

The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir

The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir

The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir

Uses naval pressure to strengthen Germany's colonial bargaining position.

Approves the government's naval demonstration at Agadir.

Creates an international crisis through a calculated display of naval power.

Supports an assertive attempt to obtain colonial concessions from France.

Supports sending the gunboat Panther to Agadir.

Initiates the dispatch of the Panther to the Moroccan port.

Attempts to break Serbian defenses along the Bregalnica front.

Reinforces Serbian units resisting Bulgarian attacks near Zletovo.

Oversees creation of the Royal Naval Air Service as a distinct naval air organisation.

Commands Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.

Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks

Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks

The Russians defeat the Austrians but the Germans again come to their rescue

Defends the military offensive that helps provoke unrest in Petrograd.

Criticises the Provisional Government as war weariness intensifies.

Supports the offensive with attacks near Brzezany.

Orders the Southwestern Front to begin the main attack.

Addresses troops as the artillery preparation begins.

Launches the Russian summer offensive against the Central Powers.

The failed offensive undermines Soviet confidence in the government.

Leads the Eighth Army during the Russian summer offensive.

His army attacks Austro-German positions near Zborov.

Is appointed Regierungspräsident, or regional president, of Upper Bavaria.

Elected President of Mexico, for a 2nd term

CCP Congress in Shanghai, Mao is absent

The cartoon of Popeye is created

1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss

Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss

Has Gregor Strasser executed, 1 of the founders of the Nazi Party. Former Chancellor Schleicher is gunned down by 6 assassins

The execution of Rohm gives Hitler full control of the SA

Has von Kahr executed because he had led the troops against Hitler's Beer Hall putsch

Rohm refuses to kill himself with a gun which is offerred to him & is executed

Shoots Ernst Rohm

Anti-Nazi Catholic journalist, arrested 9 March 1933, killed at Dachau

SA-Obersturmfuhrer, member of staff SA Gruf Ernst. executed at Lichterfelde

Executed during the Blood Purge

Jodl takes charge of the new National Defence Section under the Reich War Ministry.

The Spanish Bishops endorse Francos regime

Secures voter approval for Bunreacht na hEireann in a national referendum.

Appointed Chief of Staff of the XIX Motorised Corps

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

Opinion polls show half the population is dissatisfied with the conduct of the war

Cavallero is promoted to Marshal of Italy while serving as Chief of the Supreme General Staff.

Opinion polls show half the population is dissatisfied with the conduct of the war. Churchill wins a resounding victory of 476 votes to 25 on the conduct of the War

Morgenthau chairs negotiations creating the IMF and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Captures La-Haye-du-Puits

Appointed Commander in Chief, West, replaces von Rundstedt

Appointed Commander in Chief, West

Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler

Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler

Appointed Head of State

Operation Crossroads begins with the Able airburst, testing a plutonium weapon against a fleet of target ships.

Jinnah inaugurates the State Bank of Pakistan.

Says the world is divided into imperialism & socialism & China should ally with Russia

The law becomes an early pillar of statutory apartheid.

Government enacts a ban on marriages classified as interracial.

UN troops arrive in Pusan

The International Geophysical Year begins, supporting multinational scientific research and the American satellite effort.

The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum

The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum

Rivera becomes President after the 1962 election

The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum

Says devaluation of the pound is unnecessary

Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.

Heads the Italian government when the Merger Treaty creates a single Commission and Council for the Communities.

The Merger Treaty took effect, creating a single Commission and Council for the three European Communities.

Sanchez Hernandez becomes President of El Salvador

Taipei is elevated to the status of a special municipality under the central government.

Serves as foreign minister when the Communities begin operating with unified executive institutions.

France joined the other EEC members in completing the customs union and abolishing internal customs duties.

Heads the German government when the EEC customs union is completed ahead of the original Treaty of Rome timetable.

Heads the Italian government when customs duties between EEC members are abolished completely.

Serves as foreign minister when the EEC customs union reaches completion.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature in Washington, London and Moscow.

Signs the treaty limiting spread of nuclear weapons technology.

Signs the Treaty announcing talks are to take place on nuclear strategic arms limitation

Yahya Khan dissolves West Pakistan's One Unit and restores four provinces.

Begins his term as President of the European Commission, giving Italy a leading role in Community administration.

Healey begins a five-year term on Labour’s National Executive Committee.

Healey begins service on Labour's National Executive Committee.

Records Ride A White Swan, later released in autumn and reaching number two in Britain.

Appointed Deputy Associate Director of the FBI, assisting Associate Director Clyde Tolson

John Lennon cuts Imagine at his home studio, the anthemic title track is inspired by a message in Yoko Onos book "Grapefruit"

Molina becomes President after the disputed 1972 election

The Israeli military attache is shot in Washington

Isabel served as president from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976, the first non-royal female head of state and head of Government in the Western Hemisphere

Isabel served as president from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976, the first non-royal female head of state and head of Government in the Western Hemisphere

Appointed President of Argentina after the death of Juan Domingo Peron

Sterling devaluation increases pressure on Healey to secure stricter wage restraint.

Healey gives trade unions one week to accept a ten percent limit on pay increases.

al-Bakhit participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Regime cuts most foreign ties except China

Romero becomes President after the 1977 election

Drums on Pretty Vacant, one of the band's most successful and enduring singles.

Plays guitar on Pretty Vacant, giving the single its sharp and anthemic sound.

Sings Pretty Vacant, turning the title phrase into a defining punk slogan.

Lynch returns Ireland to the Council chair as the second Irish Community Presidency begins.

Pen Sovan's government begins reconstruction under the PRK

Diannas engagement to Charles becomes official

Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Leopoldo Galtieri

Papandreou takes the Community chair as Greece assumes responsibility for its first six-month Council Presidency.

Innuagurated as the President of the Federal Republic of Germany

FitzGerald opens Ireland's 1984 Presidency, with institutional reform, enlargement and famine relief high on the agenda.

Israel decides to release 300 of its 735 Shiite prisoners

The Single European Act entered into force, strengthening Community powers and the legal basis for the internal market.

Heads the government when the Single European Act enters into force after Ireland completes ratification.

Heads the German government when the Single European Act enters into force and strengthens the internal-market programme.

Heads the Greek government when the Single European Act enters into force.

Serves as foreign minister as the Single European Act strengthens the programme for completing the internal market.

Serves as Foreign Minister when the Single European Act begins operating.

Greece returns to the Council chair under Papandreou, giving Athens responsibility for steering the Community agenda through December.

The first stage of Economic and Monetary Union began under the programme developed by the Delors Committee.

Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation

Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation

Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation

Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation

Inaugurated President of the Philippines

Muravschi leaves office after the first post-independence government

Andrei Sangheli becomes Prime Minister during the early post-Soviet period

Returns to Gaza after exile and convenes Palestinian Authority members as the new self-rule administration begins operating.

Returns to Gaza after the Oslo process to lead the new Palestinian Authority.

Refuses to rule out eventual British participation in a European single currency if the necessary economic conditions are met.

Begins Ireland's fifth Council Presidency with monetary union and treaty reform as major priorities.

Elected Deputy First Minister of the Northern Ireland assembly

Elected First Minister of the Northern Ireland assembly

The Scottish Parliament is formally opened after devolution.

Appointed Manager of Nottingham Forest

The transfer makes Beckham the third Englishman to play for the club after Laurie Cunningham and Steve McManaman. Manchester United had been keen to sell Beckham to Barcelona but instead signs a four-year contract with Real Madrid, with the transfer fee being about œ25m

Begins Italy's rotating Council Presidency with treaty reform and enlargement among its priorities.

Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations

Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations

Goes on trial for war crimes

Saddam Hussein is arraigned before an Iraqi judge on seven preliminary charges

Saddam appears confident and defiant throughout the 46-minute hearing. Alternating between listening to and gesturing at the judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin, he questioned the legitimacy of the tribunal set up to try him. He called the court a "play" aimed at Bushs chances of winning the US presidential elections

Saddam appears confident and defiant throughout the 46-minute hearing. Alternating between listening to and gesturing at the judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin, he questioned the legitimacy of the tribunal set up to try him. He called the court a "play" aimed at Bushs chances of winning the US presidential elections

Brazil are defeated and eliminated 0-1 by France in quarterfinals.

Beckham's contract with Los Angeles Galaxy becomes effective on 1 July 2007, the highest salary of any MLS player in history

France began its six-month Presidency of the Council of the European Union under Sarkozy.

The Government confronts the sharpest annual fall in house prices since 1992.

Scolari takes over as manager of Chelsea

Scores Argentina's equaliser in the opening Copa America match against Bolivia.

Is named player of the European Championship.

Guides Spain to a four-goal victory over Italy.

Captains Spain to victory over Italy in the final.

Completes an unprecedented sequence of three major international titles.

Completes three consecutive major tournament victories for Spain.

Helps Spain defeat Italy by four goals in the final.

Showalter discovers a tiny Neptunian moon in archival Hubble images and initially designates it S/2004 N 1.

Scores in extra time as Argentina defeat Switzerland 1-0 in the World Cup round of sixteen.

Makes a succession of saves to keep the United States in contention during the extra-time World Cup defeat by Belgium.

Scores the opening goal in extra time as Belgium defeat the United States 2-1 in the World Cup round of 16.

Scores Belgium's second extra-time goal in the 2-1 World Cup victory over the United States.

After a detailed hazard search, the mission team keeps New Horizons on its planned Pluto flyby trajectory.

New Horizons' Ralph spectrometer detects frozen methane on Pluto during approach, confirming the molecule from spacecraft observations.

Scores a long-range opening goal before Wales recover to defeat Belgium 3-1 in the European Championship quarter-final.

Inaugurated as President of Panama.

Directs I'm Your Man.

Mellier leads the Euclid Consortium as the spacecraft launches on a mission designed to map cosmic structure and investigate the nature of dark energy.

Leads the government as Ireland begins its Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the second half of 2026.

Birth of George's Sand

Birth of William Wyler

Birth of Trevor Eve.

Birth of Diana, Princess of Wales, youngest daughter of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, later John Spencer, Eighth Earl Spencer, and his first wife, France's Spencer, Viscountess Althorp

Birth of Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis.

Two of Luthers followers, Augustine monks from Antwerp, are burnt alive

Death of William Parker, Thirteenth Baron Morley, 4th Baron Monteagle

Death of Umberto I, assassinated

Death of Ernst Rohm, executed by the NAZIs

The Israeli military attache is shot in Washington

Death of Juan Peron

Death of Ivan Alexandrovich Serov

Death of Robert Mitchum

Death of Walter Matthau

Death of Marlon Brando

Death of Chet Helms

Death of Luther Vandross

Death of Frederick Sewards Trueman

Death of Ryutaro Hashimoto

Death of Mary Isobel Mollie Sugden

The Crusaders manage not to be overcome by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers. The Crusaders avoid defeat & are able to march on Syria & Anatolia

The Crusaders are able to advance to Syria. Tactical victory for Crusaders who are not overcome by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers

Helped to relieve the vanguard at the Battle of Dorylaeum after it had been pinned down by the Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan I, with the help of the other crusader princes in the main force and went on to sack the Seljuk camp

The Crusaders survive an attack by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers & advance to Syria

James only fought a delaying action and chose instead to place his line of defence on the River Boyne, around 30 miles from Dublin. James II is forced to flee to Dublin, his hopes of restoration ended. Fought between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish and Irish thrones - the Catholic King James and the Protestant King William, who had deposed James in 1688

Reluctant to fight at all but persuades Rupert to postpone the battle 1 day

Arrives at Marston Moor, 6 miles west of York on the Knaresborough Rd

John Casimir defeats 200,000 Cossacks under Tartars & Chmielnicki

John Casimir defeats 200,000 Cossacks under Tartars & Chmielnicki

Accompanies William III to Ireland to put down the Irish Jacobites, and commands a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne

Ginkell accompanied William III to Ireland to take on the Franco-Irish Jacobites, and commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne

After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed

For the Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious toleration for Catholicism, and land ownership. A turning point in James unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant supremacy in Ireland.

In Irish folk memory, James was derisively nicknamed Seamus a chaca - a title that translates literally to "Shitty James" or "James the shit".

James enjoyed the support of his cousin, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch on the throne of England, Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites.

Jamess loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield of the Boyne enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. James II is forced into exile in France. James II is finally defeated by William III.

The Battle is fought on 1 July for control of a ford on the Boyne at Oldbridge, near Drogheda.

The Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest, as well as the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and sit in the Irish Parliament.

The Jacobites were 23,500 strong, James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics.

Schomberg gave his opinion against the determination of William to cross the river in face of the opposing army. After riding through the river to rally his men, he was wounded twice in the head by sabre cuts, and was shot in the neck by Cahir OToole of Ballyhubbock and instantly killed

Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, they had raised an army to restore James after the Glorious Revolution

William III of Orange defeats the army of James II at the Battle of the Boyne, strengthening the Williamite position in Ireland.

The Battle of the Boyne is fought near Drogheda as William III of Orange's army forces a crossing against the Jacobite position.

William III of Orange commands a multinational Williamite army at the Boyne, including English, Dutch, Danish, French Huguenot and other allied troops.

James II, supported by French troops, is defeated in Ireland

The French led by Marshal Luxembourg defeat the Grand Alliance

Luxembourg defeats the Allied army under Waldeck at the Battle of Fleurus.

The French led by Marshal Luxembourg defeat the Grand Alliance

Haidar Ali confronts an East India Company army at Porto Novo but is forced to withdraw after heavy fighting.

1-4 July, Union victory marking the turning point of the war

Haig directs the opening Somme phase as British armies attack across the Albert sector.

Commands British Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.

Commands German Second Army at the opening of the Allied Somme attack.

Commands French Sixth Army on the southern part of the Somme offensive.

Coordinates French northern army operations supporting the Allied Somme offensive.

Commands the British Expeditionary Force as the Somme attack opens after a week of bombardment.

The British attack opens on the Somme, causing 57,470 British casualties on the first day.

Leads the 36th Ulster Division in its costly attack toward the Schwaben Redoubt.

Commands British Fourth Army in the main British attack north of the River Somme.

Commands British Fourth Army in the main attack north of the River Somme.

Rules Egypt while the First Battle of El Alamein halts the Axis advance west of Alexandria.

Holds the Axis advance at El Alamein, preventing Rommel from breaking through toward Alexandria and the Suez Canal.

Auchinleck halts Rommel's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, gaining time for the defence of Egypt.

The Axis advance into Egypt is stopped at El Alamein before it can reach Alexandria or Suez.

Attacks at El Alamein after reaching Egypt, but is stopped before he can advance toward the Suez Canal.