January 1 in History

Jovian & his infant son Varronianus assume the Consulship

Leads an invasion Army across the River Rhine

Marries Galla Placida the sister of Emperor Honorius at Narbonne

Succeeds as King of the Franks

Eudokia marries the general Romanos Diogenes, who now became senior co-emperor alongside Michael VII, Konstantios, and another brother, Andronikos

Eudokia marries the general Romanos Diogenes, who now became senior co-emperor alongside Michael VII, Konstantios, and another brother, Andronikos

While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the Empress Regent, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, whom he so fascinated that she granted him a free pardon and married him on January 1, 1068

While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the Empress Regent, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, whom he so fascinated that she granted him a free pardon and married him on January 1, 1068

David I & clerical & lay magnates of England accept Matilda as heir

David I & clerical & lay magnates of England accept Matilda as heir

The Pope confirms Stephens claim to the English throne

Appointed as 39th Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo is already old and blind, but deeply ambitious, and displays tremendous mental and (for his age) physical strength

Has a son who lives for only 52 days

The Turks lose 50,000. Captured after a 6 month siege, once the base of the knights of St John

The Turks lose 50,000. Captured after a 6 month siege, once the base of the knights of St John

Marries Francis Is daughter Madeleine

Marries James V

Meets Henry VIII for the first time

Meets Anne of Cleves for the 1st time. Feels he has been tricked by Cromwell into marrying Anne of Cleves

Informed by Anthony Denny that he is "not like to live", he refuses to believe it

Imperial siege of Metz fails and Guise's military reputation grows

Appointed Lord Chancellor

Begins the siege that leads to the French capture of Calais

Guise opens the winter campaign against Calais

Frederick II succeeds Christian III as King of Denmark and Norway

Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies

Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies

Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies

Pym participates as the Commons temporarily meets in the City for protection.

The Covenanter Army gathers at Harlaw, Berwickshire, 18,000 foot & 3,000 horse

Parliament passes an Ordinance setting up a High Court of Justice to try Charles I

Appointed Commander in Chief, Scottish Army

Appointed Commander in Chief, Scottish Army

Charles II was crowned King of Scots while the English Commonwealth rejected his claim.

Appointed 2nd-in-Command to Charles II

Appointed 2nd-in-Command to Charles II

Begins to keep his "Diary"

Marches south from Scotland, calling for order and a free Parliament.

Uses the word cell while describing cork structure in Micrographia.

Presides over the Royal Society as Hooke's Micrographia appears.

Publishes Micrographia, presenting microscopic observations and scientific illustrations.

Halley publishes his cometary calculations and predicts that the comet seen in 1682 will return in 1758.

Charles XII crosses the Vistula at the head of the Swedish army during the Russian campaign.

The opening day of the peace Congress of Utrecht

First day of the Utrecht Peace Conference

Officially New Years day for the 1st time, until now the year had begun 25th March

Opening day of the Royal Academy

Reports aboard HMS Raisonnable under his uncle Maurice Suckling.

Receives his nephew Horatio Nelson into naval service aboard HMS Raisonnable.

Begins attending the College of Autun at Brienne

Enters the College of Autun

Publishes the first issue of the Daily Universal Register

Billaud-Varenne supported official commemoration of the execution of Louis XVI as a republican political anniversary.

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect. The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland becomes effective

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect

The new state is to be called the United Kingdom. The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland becomes effective. Ireland will send 4 spiritual Lords & 28 temporal peers to Westminster. Ireland is to send 100 MPs to Westminster. Churches are united into a single Protestant Episcopal Church

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect

Churches are united into a single Protestant Episcopal Church

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect

Is promoted vice admiral before the Baltic campaign.

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 1st term

Appointed Head of the Confederation

Appointed Head of the Confederation

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 1st term

Appointed Head of the Confederation

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

Launches an uprising against Phanariot rule.

The First National Assembly declares independence and adopts the provisional constitution at Epidaurus.

Charts a long stretch of Antarctic coastline later associated with Wilkes Land, strengthening the case for Antarctica as a continent

Publishes the opening instalment of an article opposing the ban on the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung.

Appointed President of the Diet, 1st term

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Lincoln issues the final Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing enslaved people in rebellious areas

Emancipation policy makes foreign recognition of the Confederacy less likely

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Emancipation Proclamation changes the Civil War into a war for Union and freedom

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Leads Allied forces into Asuncion during the final phase of the war.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The federal constitution establishes a constitutional monarchy with the Prussian King as the bearer of the Bundesprasidium, or head of state

Laws can only be enabled with the consent of the Reichstag (a Parliament based on universal male suffrage) and the Federal Council (a representation of the states)

The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"

The federal constitution establishes a constitutional monarchy with the Prussian King as the bearer of the Bundesprasidium, or head of state

The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"

Laws can only be enabled with the consent of the Reichstag (a Parliament based on universal male suffrage) and the Federal Council (a representation of the states)

The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"

The south German states of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Wurttemberg and Bavaria join the North German Confederation

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"

The south German states of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Wurttemberg and Bavaria join the North German Confederation

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Field Marshal

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Passes the Conscription Act for all levels of Russian Society. Men are liable to service at the age of 20 with each district providing a quota

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Passes the Conscription Act for all levels of Russian Society. Men are liable to service at the age of 20 with each district providing a quota

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The Treasury resumes redemption of United States notes in gold at par.

The Treasury resumes gold redemption of United States notes at the established parity.

Ceremonially begins the French attempt to build the Panama Canal

French company begins work on a canal across Panama

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Serves as Switzerland's federal president during 1881.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins his term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Bavier serves as Switzerland's federal president during 1882.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins his term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Declared Empress of India by Disraeli

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Around noon the Jameson force is around twenty miles further on, at Krugersdorp, where a small force of Boer soldiers had blocked the road to Johannesburg and digs in

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Comptroller of the Currency by President McKinley.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

French presses Boer positions around Colesberg with mobile cavalry tactics intended to threaten their flanks.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The Commonwealth of Australia is established

The Commonwealth of Australia is established

The Commonwealth of Australia is established. Appointed the 1st Prime Minister of an independent Australia

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Prime Minister of Australia

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Russia offers terms of surrender at Port Arthur to Japan

Advocates constitutional reform after the 1905 revolution.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Shackletons ship, the Nimrod, leaves Port Lyttlelton for the South Pole

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Knighted for humanitarian work in the Congo & Brazil.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The Admiralty assesses the loss of HMS Formidable after the battleship is torpedoed by U-24.

Suggests an attack on Turkey or Austria to end the deadlock in western front

Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division

Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division

Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive

Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive

Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst

Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst

Informed he will command the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive

Arrested for a plot to murder Lloyd George on a golf course

The Wheeldon family is arrested for the attempted murder of Lloyd George

Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal

Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal

Proposes mining the Heligoland Blight with 80,000 mines, publicly announced 23rd Jan

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

A failed attempt is made on Lenins life

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

"under the editorship of Karl Radek for free distribution among our German brothers". Die Fackel is renamed der Volkerfriede

Assumes leading command in the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Becomes brigade major of 17th Infantry Brigade at Victoria Barracks during the Irish conflict.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The Peoples Party demands independence. France agrees to the unity of Damascus & Aleppo with a French high commissioner

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The Nationalist political center develops at Wuhan during the early 1927 phase of the Northern Expedition.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The NSDAP HQ is inaugurated

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Stalin launches the Second Five-Year Plan, emphasizing heavy industry, transport, steel, coal and continued central planning.

Sterilization measures come into effect to prevent hereditary illness

Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"

Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed head of the German armed forces intelligence

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Helps launch Tribune as a socialist weekly.

Appointed Lieutenant General

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed General of the Artillery

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Jews have to add the name Israel to their signature

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

Negotiations begin for passage through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia

Negotiations begin for passage of troops through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia

Negotiations begin for passage of troops through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

Reaffirms the Atlantic Charter and a pledge against separate peace.

Signs the Declaration by United Nations in Washington.

Accepts the common programme embodied in the Atlantic Charter.

Signs the Declaration by United Nations for the Soviet Union.

Helps transform the charter's principles into a wider Allied commitment.

Signs the Declaration by United Nations incorporating Atlantic Charter principles.

China joins the major Allies in affirming Atlantic Charter principles.

Signs the Declaration by United Nations for China.

While on the Eastern Front, Weidling is appointed to Commander of the 86th Infantry Division

While on the Eastern Front, Weidling is appointed to Commander of the 86th Infantry Division

Declaration 26 not to conclude a separate armistice, becomes the basis for the foundation of the United Nations

Declaration 26 not to conclude a separate armistice, becomes the basis for the foundation of the United Nations. 26 Allied countries sign the United Nations Declaration following the principles of the Atlantic Charter

An allied pact becomes the United Nations

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice. An allied pact becomes the United Nations

A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice. A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN

China joins the United States, Britain, Soviet Union and other Allies in the Declaration by United Nations, pledging not to make a separate peace.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN. Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN. A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations

Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)

Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Founds the Polish National Council to establish communist rule in Poland

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Issues an Imperial Rescript rejecting Japanese racial superiority. Issues an Imperial Rescript denying his divinity

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is an agency of the United States Government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology

Helps introduce distinct Canadian citizenship.

Promulgates the new Constitution of the Republic of China, which is scheduled to take effect later in the year.

Cable and Wireless enters public ownership under the postwar nationalisation programme.

The National Coal Board assumes ownership of Britain's coal mines on Vesting Day.

The coal industry is nationalised

The American and British occupation zones in Germany are economically joined together

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Railways and long-distance road haulage transfer to the British Transport Commission.

Appointed President of Italy

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

A United Nations-backed ceasefire takes effect in Jammu and Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani forces.

The ceasefire leaves Jammu and Kashmir divided between Indian and Pakistani-administered areas.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Chinese forces capture Seoul, the capitol of South Korea

400,000 Chinese & 100,000 North Koreans open a major offenisive

400,000 Chinese & 100,000 North Koreans open a major offenisive

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

I participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Heads the Federal German government when the Treaty of Rome enters into force and the EEC begins operating.

Heads the Italian government when the Treaty of Rome enters into force and the EEC begins operating.

Drees's cabinet enters 1958 with the common-market and Euratom treaties now legally operative in the Netherlands.

Santiago de Cuba surrenders as Batista's regime collapses.

Takes control of Santiago after Batista flees.

Surrenders Santiago without a major fight.

Santiago de Cuba surrenders as Batista's regime collapses.

Batista, upon learning that his generals - especially General Cantillo, had visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill, Central Oriente - were negotiating a separate peace with the rebel leader, fled to the Dominican Republic

Flees Cuba as the revolution succeeds.

1st unmanned space probe is launched, Luna I

The Cuban Government proclaims Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth" in recognition of his role in the triumph of the revolutionary forces

Overthrown by Fidel Castro

Castro's forces enter Havana after Batista flees Cuba.

The Beatles make their debut at the Cavern Club

The farthing ceases to be legal tender

Serves as general counsel to the Warren Commission and directs much of its staff investigation.

Fatah attack of the Israeli Water System

Helps establishes the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan

Introduces the Canada Pension Plan.

Receives US Vice President Hubert Humphrey during his visit to Taiwan.

Releases Break On Through as a debut single.

Czechoslovakia becomes a two state federation

Leads the Khalq faction within the PDPA, named after a party Leninist newspaper

The National Bus Company begins operation under the transport reorganisation created by the Transport Act.

The National Freight Corporation begins operation as part of the Labour Government's public transport reorganisation

Begins the Second Cernik Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Accuses Russia of "fascist dictatorship"

Accuses Russia of "fascist dictatorship"

NEPA bears the imprint of legislation championed by Senator Henry Jackson

Signs the National Environmental Policy Act

Libya joins Egypt and Syria in the Federation of Arab Republics.

Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations

The staff of the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee prepares a memo about John Lennons involvement with such radicals as Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and Rennie Davis

Releases Kraftwerk 2 as the band continues its experimental instrumental phase.

Develops flute, rhythm box and electronic textures on Kraftwerk 2.

Britain officially becomes a member of the EU

Welcomes Britain's entry into the European Communities.

Britain enters the European Communities under Heath's government.

Britain enters the European Communities after long political debate.

Leads Ireland as membership of the European Communities formally begins.

France welcomed Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom into the European Communities, increasing membership from six to nine.

Heads the Italian government as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities.

Heads the German government as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities.

Heads the government when Ireland becomes a member of the European Communities.

Leads Britain when the accession treaty enters into force and European Communities membership begins.

Jorgensen heads Denmark on 1 January 1973, when the country's Community accession becomes legally effective.

Leads Ireland as the accession treaty becomes effective and European Communities membership starts.

Jiang Qing promotes the campaign to criticise Lin Biao and Confucius

Yao Wenyuan writes propaganda linking attacks on Confucius with current political struggles

Takes up office as the leader of the Northern Ireland Assembly

In total Best had made 466 appearances for Manchester United in all competitions from 1963 to 1974, and scored 178 goals (including six in one game against fourth division Northampton Town). Bests last competitive igame for Manchester United against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road

Implements the Three Day Week as Britain limits commercial electricity use to conserve power during the miners dispute.

Implements the Three Day Week to conserve electricity during the miners dispute.

Commercial electricity use is restricted to three consecutive days during the miners' dispute.

Begins Ireland's first Presidency of the Council only two years after joining the Community.

The iron ore industry is nationalized before the oil sector is brought under state ownership

Is acquitted while other defendants in the Watergate cover-up trial are convicted.

Acquitted of all charges

The oil industry is nationalized and PDVSA begins operating as the state oil company

Petroleos de Venezuela began operations as the state holding company for the nationalized petroleum industry.

Khmer Rouge launch attacks on Vietnamese border villages

Helps launch Charter 77 for human rights.

Britains new 200 mile fishing zone comes into effect

Heng Samrin continues as head of state of the People's Republic of Kampuchea

Greece becomes a member of the European Communities during Rallis's premiership.

Heads the government when Greece becomes the tenth member of the European Communities.

Serves as president when Greece enters the European Communities as their tenth member state.

Diouf becomes President after Senghor resigns

Habib Thiam becomes Prime Minister under President Diouf

Serves as Foreign Minister when Greece's membership of the European Communities formally begins.

Heads Greece when the accession treaty enters into force and the country becomes the tenth Community member.

Chan Sy continues as Prime Minister during reconstruction and Vietnamese military presence

AT&T separates its local telephone companies under the antitrust settlement.

France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas

France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas

The Fraud Investigation Group is set up for cases of financial & commercial fraud

Portugal becomes the 12th member of the EU

Heads the German government as Spain and Portugal join the European Communities, expanding membership to twelve.

Delors welcomed Spain and Portugal as Community members, expanding the European Communities to twelve states.

Apain becomes the 11th member of the EU

Heads Portugal when the accession treaty enters into force and the country joins the European Communities.

Gonzalez leads Spain into the European Communities as the 1985 treaty takes legal effect on New Year's Day.

Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"

Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"

Appointed Mayor of New York, 1st black NYC Mayor

Begins Ireland's fourth Council Presidency during a period of rapid political change in Europe.

Appointed Mayor of New York, 1st black NYC Mayor

The Voyager Interstellar Mission formally begins after completion of the spacecrafts' planetary encounters.

Prices are freed in the Czech Rep

Appointed GeneralSecretary of the United Nations

The First Klaus Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Slovakia becomes an independent state.

The Czech Republic becomes an independent state.

Chea Sim continues as head of state before the 1993 election settlement

Begins the Second Klaus Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Heads the Italian government when the European single market begins operating with four freedoms.

The European single market began with free movement goals covering goods, services, people and capital.

The European Economic Area extended much of the single market to participating EFTA countries.

Implements the North American Free Trade Agreement in Canada.

Begins Greece's third rotating Council Presidency and its first under the European Union.

Papoulias coordinates ministerial diplomacy during Greece's 1994 Presidency, which culminates in the Corfu summit.

Heads the Irish government as Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.

Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union as the Delors Commission approached the end of its mandate.

Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term

Aho leads Finland into the European Union when the Corfu accession settlement takes effect.

Leads Sweden when the accession treaty takes effect and Swedish membership of the European Union starts.

Vranitzky presides over Austria's first day as an EU member following implementation of the Corfu accession treaty.

India becomes a founding member of the World Trade Organization.

Appointed Governor of General of St Kitts

Appointed President of Switzerland

Appointed GeneralSecretary of the United Nations

Rifai participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Muhammad Rafiq Tarar becomes President of Pakistan.

Jack Straws son is exposed for selling cannabis

Jack Straws son is exposed for selling cannabis

Heads the government when the euro becomes Ireland's currency for electronic payments and accounting.

Heads the Italian government when the euro becomes Italy's currency for electronic payments and accounting.

Heads the German government when the euro becomes Germany's currency for electronic payments and accounting.

Leads Ireland when the euro becomes the national currency for electronic and accounting purposes.

France adopted the euro for accounting and electronic transactions when the single currency was launched.

Serves as finance minister when Germany enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.

Oversees Irish fiscal policy as Ireland enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.

Appointed President of the Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina, 1st term

Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term

Appointed President of Switzerland

Plans continue for a Khmer Rouge tribunal

The Millennium Dome opens at Greenwich for the national millennium exhibition.

Appointed President of Switzerland

Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.

Greece enters the euro area under Simitis, becoming its twelfth participating state.

Appointed President of the Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina, 2nd term

Appointed President of Switzerland

Appointed Secretary General of OPEC

Greece introduces euro cash after joining the euro area.

Leads the government as euro banknotes and coins replace the Irish pound in everyday use.

Euro banknotes and coins entered circulation in France and eleven other participating countries.

Oversees the physical currency changeover from the drachma to euro notes and coins.

Oversees Germany's fiscal administration as euro notes and coins enter circulation.

Oversees the physical currency changeover from Irish pounds to euro notes and coins.

Oversees Italy's financial administration as euro notes and coins enter circulation.

Heads the government when euro banknotes and coins replace the Irish pound in everyday use.

Heads the Italian government when euro banknotes and coins replace the lira in everyday cash use.

Heads the German government when euro banknotes and coins replace the Deutsche Mark in everyday cash use.

Heads the Greek government when euro banknotes and coins replace the drachma in everyday use.

Millions of Germans acquire Euros

Papandreou steers foreign-policy work during the 2003 Greek Presidency, including enlargement and Western Balkan priorities.

Begins Greece's fourth rotating Council Presidency with enlargement and Balkan integration among its priorities.

Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term

"I wish I had never said anything about being a virgin"

Appointed President of the Governing Council

Appointed President of Switzerland

The electoral college vote constitutionally deems Musharraf elected President.

Begins Ireland's sixth Council Presidency with enlargement and constitutional negotiations as central priorities.

Directs Irish diplomatic work during the first half of the 2004 Presidency.

Appointed Vice President of Switzerland

Musharraf receives a vote of confidence from the federal and provincial electoral college.

Begins Germany's Council Presidency as foreign minister, supporting work to revive European treaty reform.

Heads the government when Irish becomes an official and working language of the European Union.

Serves as Foreign Minister when Irish receives official and working language status in the Union.

Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term

Tariceanu leads the government as Romania becomes a European Union member.

Stanishev heads Bulgaria on its accession date as the 2005 Luxembourg treaty becomes legally operative.

Tariceanu heads Romania on 1 January 2007 as the country's European Union membership formally starts.

Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours

Slovakia adopts the euro currency.

The Iraqi Government takes control of the Green Zone, the heavily fortified area that houses the offices and homes of most American and Iraqi Government officials

Appointed President of Switzerland

Appointed President of Switzerland

Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term

Starmer receives a knighthood for services to law and criminal justice.

Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term

Begins implementation of major tax cuts passed in late 2017.

New Horizons flies past Arrokoth, completing the most distant close reconnaissance of a Solar System object ever attempted.

Inaugurated as President of Brazil.

The UK EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement begins provisional application.

Ukrainian strike kills Russian troops housed in Makiivka.

Appointed President of Brazil, 3rd term

Orbital continues global attention after its Booker Prize win.

Ciolacu leads the government when internal land-border checks are removed.

Birth of a son who lives just 2 months

Birth of Henry of Richmond, son of Henry VIII

First Son, born at Richmond Palace, the Duke of Cornwall

Has a son who lives for only 52 days

Birth of Edward Morgan Forster

Birth of Jerome David Salinger

Birth of Ahmed Yassin in the British Mandate of Palestine

Dies before succeeding Hadrian.

After Odos death the Carolingian Charles is fully recognised as King of France

Death of Eudes

Edwards ally, the Duke of Burgundy, dies without an heir, Louis XI claims his lands. Burgundys daughter Mary & stepmother Margaret of York turn to Edward for help

Death of Louis XII, succeeded by his cousin & son-in-law Francis, Count of Angouleme

Death of Louis XII, 2 months after his marriage to Margaret

Christian III dies and the Danish throne passes to Frederick II

Death of James Stewart, "the Old Pretender"

Death of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

Death of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

Death of Alfred Duff Cooper

Death of George Clarke Simpson

Death of Alexis Korner, a lifelong smoker, of lung cancer

Death of Gerhard Schroder

Owen of Strathclyde supports Malcolm II against Northumbrian forces at Carham and is later remembered as a key Scottish ally.

Defeated by the Boers

Viet Cong and PAVN forces complete the Battle of Binh Gia after inflicting heavy losses on South Vietnamese troops

Refuses to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn

Given a Presbyterian Coronation at Scone